scholarly journals Specific gravity, Extractive Content, and Natural Durability of Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) Wood at 3 and 4 years old

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012013
Author(s):  
T Listyanto ◽  
E P F Poedyastanto ◽  
S M Abqoriah ◽  
G Lukmandaru
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Balsa Wood ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Dry Wood

Abstract The aim was to investigate the specific gravity, extractive content, and natural durability of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) wood. A total of six trees of balsa at 3 and 4 years old were harvested and cut into the sample of specific gravity, extractive content, and natural durability test. Natural durability was tested according to SNI 01-7207-2006 against dry wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.). Specific gravity, extractive content, mass losses, and termite mortality were measured. Variance analysis was used to find the differences. The results showed that age influenced significantly on specific gravity and mass losses, while axial direction/position influenced significantly on extractive content and mass losses. Variance analysis also showed that radial direction influenced significantly on specific gravity and extractive content. The specific gravity of three years balsa wood is 0.14, which is lower than that of four years old three, which is 0,19. Extractive content in the bottom part (3.95%) is higher than that of in the middle (2.87%) and top (2.74%). Mortality in the bottom part (33.83%) is higher than that of in the middle (10.5%) and top part (5,8%) of the stem. In general, balsa wood is classified into durability class II-III.

scholarly journals Natural durability and chemical composition of the Liquidambar sp. wood

FLORESTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Thais Pereira Freitas ◽  
Juarez Benigno Paes ◽  
José Tarcísio Da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti ◽  
Déborah Nava Soratoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Nasutitermes Corniger ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Choice Feeding ◽  
Total Lignin

The wood is a material of biological origin and because of its chemical composition is subject to the attack of various organisms that use it as a source of food. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the natural durability and chemical composition of the Liquidambar sp. wood. Were performed the accelerated laboratory test, with a pure culture of the Postia placenta fungus, causer of brown rot , and no choice-feeding of termites Nasutitermes corniger. After both tests, the samples were dried in an oven at 103 ± 2ºC until reaching constant mass and later weighed, to evaluate the percentage of mass loss. The contents of extractives, soluble, insoluble and total lignin, and holocellulose were also determined. The studied wood obtained losses of mass of 37.79% and 23.37%, when submitted to the action of fungus and termites, respectively, and an average extractive content equal to 4.13%. It is concluded that the Liquidambar sp. wood was moderate resistance to the attack of the brown rot fungus, and little resistant to the action of employed termites.

scholarly journals Age influence on quality of shell and penetration in bacterial laying lightweight eggs

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301-1310
Author(s):  
B.D. Smaniotto ◽  
A.F. Amarante ◽  
R. Altarugio ◽  
I.G.O. Silva ◽  
I.M.O. Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Bacterial Penetration

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of the bird’s age on the quality of the shell and percentage of bacterial penetration in commercial eggs. White-shelled commercial eggs were used, laid by light laying hens in their first laying cycle at 21, 39, 51, and 62 weeks of age. Shell quality evaluations comprised: egg weight, specific gravity, percentage and thickness of shell, number and size of pores. For evaluations regarding bacterial penetration, strains of several enterobacterias and one salmonella were used, all of which resistant to Nalidixic acid (100µg/ml). The method employed for evaluation of bacterial penetration was filling the eggs with growth medium. The data were subjected to variance analysis with 5% of probability using SAS (Education Analytical Software, 2013). Eveb though increase in the laying hen's age caused reduction of the quality of eggshells, it failed to affect the percentage of penetration of the bacterial samples evaluated.

scholarly journals Kalappia celebica, an endemic wood from Sulawesi Island: Chemical composition and its resistance against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012122
Author(s):  
Niken Pujirahayu ◽  
Asrianti Arif ◽  
Zakiah Uslinawaty ◽  
Nurhayati Hadjar Ibrahim ◽  
Waode Erniwati Bakara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Moisture Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Class Iv

Abstract Kalapi wood (Kalappia celebica kosterm) is endemic to Sulawesi Island and is a monotype species in the Fabaceae family with limited distribution. This study investigates the chemical composition and natural durability of Kalapi (K. celebica Kosterm) wood against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium. This study was conducted based on the TAPPI standard for moisture analysis content, ASTM-D for extractive content, holocelluloce, and lignin, and method Cross and Bevan for cellulose. Durability observation was conducted in 12 weeks by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by the fungi according to SNI standards 01-7207-2014. Results show that K. celebica has holocelullose, cellulose, and extractives at a high level, lignin was moderate, and had low hemicellulose. The results of testing the durability of wood shown that K. celebica has resistance to G. tsugae attack (class II) but is not resistant to G. lucidium (class IV), with an average weight loss of 3.14 % and 18.82 %, respectively.

Effect of growth rate on the natural durability of Douglas-fir in western Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 891-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pollet ◽  
J.M. Henin ◽  
J. Hébert ◽  
B. Jourez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Poria Placenta ◽  
Recent Species ◽  
Tree Growth Rate ◽  
European Forest

Douglas-fir is a relatively recent species in the central European forest landscape. It is not clear how its natural durability is influenced by silviculture. We therefore investigated how the natural durability of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) varies according to tree growth rate; subsequently, the influence of the nature of the wood (juvenile or mature) and radial position was also analyzed. For this purposes, a total of 60 trees grown in Wallonia (Southern Belgium) was felled: these consisted of 6 trees in each of 10 stands where the average tree girth was approximately 150 cm. Since the age of these plantations ranged from 40 to 69 years, the radial tree growth rate ranged between approximately 3 and 7 mm. In all the trees, standardized heartwood test specimens were taken from different radial positions in the butt log. The mass losses caused by the fungi Poria placenta and Coniophora puteana were assessed according to CEN/TS 15083-1 (2005). Poria placenta exhibited a higher decaying efficiency than C. puteana, leading to classify Douglas-fir wood as slightly durable (class 4). No difference was observed between the durability against P. placenta of juvenile and mature wood. Similarly, growth rate seemed to have no direct impact on durability. Durability was, however, significantly correlated with wood density. The effect of site and tree on the natural durability of the wood was also examined.

scholarly journals Extractive Content and Colour Properties of 11-Year-Old Superior Teak Wood

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Alfian Nur Falaah ◽  
Tomy Listyanto ◽  
Dian Rodiana
Keyword(s):  
Hot Water ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Colour Properties ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Color Properties ◽  
Correlation Degree ◽  
Teak Wood ◽  
Young Stage ◽  
Total Extractive

There is a lack of understanding about the properties of fast-growing teak trees harvested in young stage. Superior teak woods (11 years, 5 trees) grown in Pemalang FMU were assessed in vertical and radial positions for its extractive contents and colour properties. Extractions were conducted using a sequence of toluene, ethanol, and hot water. The color evaluation was performed using CIEL*a*b*’s chromaticity system. Toluene-, ethanol-, hot-water-, and total extractive contents ranged between 1.16~5.00%; 0.29~1,04%, and 0.98~2.35%, and 4.03~7.31%, respectively. For color properties, the brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) indices ranged from 49.50~57.42, 6.08~10.81, and 20.47~25.74, espectively.Toluene- and total extractive contents were greater in heartwood than in sapwood, while the reverse occurred for the hot-water extractive content. Toluene- and total extractive contents were higher in outer heartwood than in inner heartwood. With regard to colour properties, L* and a* values were significantly differed between sapwood and heartwood. Vertical stem analysis of samples obtained at bottom, center, and top showed the toluene extractive content, total extractive content, and a* levels of center part of the tree were found to be lower than other parts. The L* were negatively correlated with extractive contents, with the highest correlation degree (-0.83**) being observed in the total extractive content in the heartwood. It is also noticed that superior teak wood wood was less darker and extractive contents than the heartwood control of a 72-year-old tree. Therefore, the properties measured in the present work might be related with natural durability of the woods.

Weight and Properties of Ohio Plantation-Grown White Pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-180
Author(s):  
Robert L. Brisbin ◽  
Everette D. Rast
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Green Wood ◽  
Central Stem ◽  
Weight Prediction ◽  
Dry Wood

Abstract There has been increasing interest in using the plantation-grown white pine resource in Ohio. Potential uses include posts, poles, sawlogs, and pulp fiber. Estimates of specific gravity and weight prediction equations are needed to use this material effectively. Specific gravity or density is the simplest and most useful index to the suitability of wood for many important uses. It is a particularly important factor in the manufacture of pulp and paper because specific gravity largely determines the dry pulp yield from a given volume of wood. It is also directly related to strength and many of the working properties of wood. We found that the specific gravity of plantation-grown white pine is significantly lower than the published values for natural-grown white pine. This will affect the expected yields of dry pulp fiber and the strength of solid wood products. Equations are presented for predicting the weight of green wood, green bark, green wood plus bark, and dry wood and dry bark of the central stem from a 1-ft stump to a 2-in. dob top. North. J. Appl. For. 5:176-180, Sept. 1988

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO ANATÔMICA E DESCRIÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E MECÂNICA DA MADEIRA DE Mimosa schomburgkii

FLORESTA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Junqueira Costa ◽  
Camila Batista da Silva Lopes ◽  
Matheus Fernandes de Carvalho Reis ◽  
Welliton Lelis Cândido ◽  
Bruno De Freitas Homem de Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Anisotropy Coefficient ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Vessel Elements

O uso de madeira de espécies alternativas na construção civil é uma alternativa para reduzir a utilização concentrada em poucas espécies e evitar a falta de matéria prima no mercado. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar propriedades físicas, químicas, anatômicas e mecânicas da madeira de Mimosa schomburgkii visando identificar o seu potencial para o uso na construção civil. Foi utilizada a madeira de Mimosa schomburgkii, com idade de 33 anos. As características anatômicas avaliadas foram as dimensões dos elementos de vasos (diâmetro e frequência), dos raios (altura e largura) e das fibras (comprimento, largura total, espessura de parede e de lume). Foi determinada a constituição química com a quantificação do teor de extrativo, lignina e holocelulose.  Para a caracterização físico-mecânica, foram avaliadas a densidade básica e aparente, contrações, o coeficiente de anisotropia, a resistência à flexão estática, à compressão paralela às fibras, à tração paralela às fibras, ao cisalhamento e a dureza Janka (paralela e perpendicular às fibras). A madeira possui fibras libriformes, com comprimento médio de 1180 μm, sendo classificadas como curtas. A densidade básica da madeira é em média 0,80 g.cm-3 (alta densidade), o coeficiente de anisotropia, em média 1,74. A madeira apresenta elevada resistência mecânica, sendo classificada como pertencente à classe C 60. Pelos resultados obtidos no estudo, a madeira de jurema (Mimosa schomburgkii) apresenta aspectos estéticos atrativos e elevada resistência mecânica, sendo, portanto, indicada para uso na construção civil.Palavras–chave: Propriedades da madeira, construção civil, elevada resistência mecânica, alta densidade básica. AbstractAnatomical characterization and physical-chemical and mechanical description of Mimosa schomburgkii wood. The use of wood of alternative species in civil construction has been an option to reduce the concentrated use of few species and to avoid the lack of raw material in the market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical, anatomical and mechanical properties of Mimosa schomburgkii wood, in order to identify its potential use in civil construction. Mimosa schomburgkii wood, at the age of 33 years, was used. The anatomical characteristics evaluated were the dimensions of vessel elements (diameter and frequency), rays (height and width) and fibers (length, width, wall thickness and lumen thickness). The chemical constitution was determined with the quantification of extractive content, lignin and holocellulose. For the physical-mechanical characterization, it was evaluated the specific gravity and apparent density, contractions, anisotropy coefficient, static bending strength, compression strength parallel to grain, traction strength parallel to grain, shear strength and Janka hardness (parallel and perpendicular to grain). The wood has libriform fibers, average length of 1180 μm, and it is classified as short. The wood basic density is on average of 0.80 g.cm-3 (high density). The anisotropy coefficient is on average of 1.74. The wood presents high mechanical strength, being classified as C 60 class. From the results obtained in this study, the Mimosa schomburgkii wood presents attractive aesthetic aspects and high mechanical resistance. Therefore, this wood is indicated for use in civil construction.Keywords: Wood properties, civil construction, high mechanical strength, high specific gravity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Site Class, Tree-age and Axial Direction on Adhesion Properties of Teakwood

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Tibertius Agus Prayitno ◽  
Yustinus Suranto ◽  
Rieska Wahyu Indra Pratama ◽  
Dasta Dasta
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Adhesion Strength ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Interaction Factor ◽  
Teak Wood

Teak wood is a well-known prime wood species in Indonesia. The teak forest had been managed well by PERHUTANI, a state forest company for a long time. In the teak forest the site quality has been classified according to land’s capability to grow the teak plant. This site classification had been set up from the beginning of forest management and it has not been reviewed yet. This research’s objectives are to know the effect of teak forest site quality class and axial direction on the adhesion properties of the teak wood. The research conducted using Completely Randomized Design arranged in factorial experiment. The first experiment used site quality and axial direction factors, while the second experiment used tree’s age and axial direction. The site quality factor consisted of three levels of site index III, III/IV and IV. The three levels of axial direction of the teak stem were butt, center and top. The tree’s age consisted of three age class of 25, 35 and 45 years. Three teak trees employed as replication. The adhesion properties parameter were wood specific gravity, adhesion compression shear test  and wood failure in both dry and wet condition using block test. The first research result showed that no interaction factor affected in adhesion properties. The teak growing site-class influenced significantly to the wood specific gravity and adhesion shear strength. The more fertile of teak growing site class, the lower wood specific gravity and adhesion strength. The site class of III, III/IV and IV revealed the average wood’s specific gravity of 0.54; 0.50 and 0.47 consecutively. The adhesion strength produced from the three site classes were 41.71; 32.56 and 23.52 kg/cm2 consecutively. The axial direction (from the butt to the top) showed a decreasing trend of wood specific gravity and adhesion strength. The second research showed that tree age affected significantly the wood specific gravity. The wood specific gravity increased from 0.57 to 0.67 and 0.69 produced from tree age of 25, 35 and 45 year old consecutively.

scholarly journals The Resistance of Modified Manii Wood with Boric acid and Chitosan/Glycerol and Heating Against Fungi and Termites

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
N Istriana ◽  
T Priadi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Preservation ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Dry Wood

Abstract Manii wood (Maesopsiss eminii Engl.) is a fast grown species that has low durability (class IV) and requires preservation. Boric acid is generally used in wood preservation. However, its application needs to be combined with other treatments to prevent from leaching. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of manii wood after double impregnation of boric acid and chitosan or glycerol and heat treatment. Heating temperatures were 70ºC and 140ºC. The durability test was carried out against white rot fungus (Schizophyllum commune), dry wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus), subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus) according to SNI 7207-2014 standard, and field test based on ASTM D 1758-08 standard. The retention of boric acid in manii wood was 15,2 ± 1,0 kg ma−3. The interaction of boric acid and chitosan/glycerol impregnations and heat treatment significantly affected the wood resistance against decay fungi and termites. Impregnation of boric acid and glycerol by heating at 140ºC increased the resistance of wood against dry wood and subterranean termites. Double impregnation of boric acid and chitosan followed by heating at 140ºC was the best treatment in this research that improved significantly the resistance of manii wood against white rot fungi, dry wood termites and subterranean termites.

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