scholarly journals Marine litter pollution along sandy beaches of Can Gio coast, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

2022 ◽  
Vol 964 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
Thanh-Khiet L. Bui ◽  
Quoc-Khanh Pham ◽  
Nhu-Thuy Doan ◽  
Thanh-Ban Nguyen ◽  
Van-Nghia Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Beach Litter ◽  
First Time

Abstract Marine debris is a significant threat to the marine environment, human health and the economy in Can Gio island, Vietnam. In this study, we conducted beach litter surveys to quantify and characterize marine litter from six beach transects in this region for the first time using the OSPAR beach litter monitoring guideline. A total of 29,456 items weighting 529,432 g was recorded from 12 surveys in two monitoring campaigns in December 2019 (dry season) and in June 2020 (rainy season). Plastic was the most abundant type of litter in terms of quantity (a total of 26,662 items) and weight (325,606 g), followed by paper and cardboard, cloth, wood, metal, glass and ceramics, rubber and other items. Meanwhile, ropes (less than 1 cm in diameter) and plastic bags accounted for the major parts of sampled plastic items, i.e., 20.18% and 14.46%, respectively. In general, a higher percentage of marine litter, particularly the fishing related items, was found in the rainy season than in the dry season, possibly due to increased fishing and aquaculture activities. In contrast, a reduction pattern of the single use plastics in the rainy season might be due to the decreased tourism activities during the Covid pandemic period. This study not only showed the magnitude of litter pollution, but also provided valuable information that could help decision making to better control and reduce marine litter in the region. In addition, insights from this study indicate that there is an urgent need to design collection, reuse and recycling programs in the area. The collected recyclables, specially plastics, will be a great source of materials for recyclers in a circular economy achieving sustainable development goals.

scholarly journals Description of the larva of Bromeliagrion rehni (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) with bionomic notes concerning its phytotelmic habitat in central Amazonas, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlene R. da S. Torreias ◽  
Ulisses G. Neiss ◽  
Neusa Hamada ◽  
Ruth L. Ferreira-Keppler ◽  
Frederico A.A. Lencioni
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The last-stage larva of Bromeliagrion rehni Garrison in De Marmels & Garrison, 2005 is described and illustrated and bionomics and habitat information on this species are provided. The study was conducted in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, located near Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil.Twelve samplings were done between April, 2003 and April, 2005: six in the rainy season and six in the dry season. In each sampling month, 12 bromeliads (Guzmania brasiliensis Ule, 1907, Bromeliaceae) were collected, six of which were terrestrial and six epiphytic, yielding144 samples. A total of 75 specimens of B. rehni were collected. The relationship between larval B. rehni abundance and the measured environmental parameters (volume (ml), pH, season and stratum) was significant (ANCOVA, F = 5.296, d.f. = 130, p < 0.001). Larvae were most abundant in the rainy season (p < 0.01) and water volume was positively related to the abundance of B. rehni. Larvae of B. rehni can be distinguished from those of B. fernandezianum (the only species in the genus with described larvae) by the number of setae in the prementum and by the color of the apical region of the femur. The association of this species with phytotelmata of G. brasiliensis is reported here for the first time.

Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) associated with the octocoral Carijoa riisei (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the littoral of Pernambuco, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1263-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Neves ◽  
E.J.B. Lima ◽  
C.D. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
First Record ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Disc Diameter ◽  
Carijoa Riisei ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The present work records for the first time the association between ophiuroids and the octocoral Carijoa riisei. Carijoa riisei is a colonial octocoral very abundant in the littoral of Pernambuco (Brazil), with growth by creeping stolons with an arborescent structure creating an optimal environment for epibionts. The objectives of the work were to identify the species of Ophiuroidea associated with C. riisei, and to verify the existence of seasonality through the density, abundance and frequency of sampled taxa. Due to the known relationship between the ophiuroids and sponges related in the literature, the sponges founded associated with C. riisei were recorded. Seasonal samples of the beaches of Porto de Galinhas and Guadalupe were realized. In Guadalupe, 39 and 21 ophiuroids (dry and rainy seasons respectively) belonging to the families Ophiactidae (Ophiactis savignyi, Ophiactis lymani) and Ophiotrichidae (Ophiotrhix angulata) were identified. Ophiactis savignyi stood out in all the analysed stations (48.72% in dry season and 52.38% in rainy season). The average density of the ophiuroids was 10.74 ind/100 g of C. riisei, varying from 12.56 ind/100 g in the dry season to 8.92 ind/100 g, in the rainy season. Amongst the species of ophiuroids recorded in the samples, O. savignyi showed 80% and 100% frequency of occurrence in the dry and the rainy seasons, respectively, and O. lymani showed 80% during the dry season. The presence of O. lymani in Guadalupe constitutes the first record in Pernambuco state. Taking into account that all the ophiuroids collected in Guadalupe were considered juveniles (1–3 mm of disc diameter), the microhabitat created by C. riisei may be utilized as a recruitment place for some ophiuroids. No ophiuroids were found at Porto de Galinhas beach, just as for sponges. On the other hand, the ophiuroids were always found with sponges in Guadalupe beach. For this reason, the ecological relation of the ophiuroids with C. riisei could be observed as an occasional relation, in the way that the octocoral supplies a support structure to the growth of the many sponges that have given a favourable habitat to shelter ophiuroids.

Prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminths of Nigerian goats

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.O. Nwosu ◽  
A.F. Ogunrinade ◽  
B.O. Fagbemi
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Cysticercus Tenuicollis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
First Time

AbstractA total of 120 gastro-intestinal tracts and 960 faecal samples were examined to assess the prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminth parasites of Red Sokoto (maradi) goats slaughtered at Ibadan between May 1991 and April 1992. Egg types of strongyles, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Skrjabinema, Dicrocoelium and Moniezia were encountered in 93%, 83%, 44%, 0.9%, 2.3% and 31% of the faecal samples respectively. However, only strongyle, Strongyloides and Trichuris eggs occurred in large numbers and were more common during the rainy season than in the dry season. The parasites recorded and their prevalences were Haemonchus contortus (90.0%), H. ovis (5.0%), Strongyloides papillosus (80.8%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (78.3%), T. axei (69.2%), Trichuris ovis (72.5%), T. globulosa (38.3%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (67.5%), Cooperia curticei (58.3%) Gaigeria pachyscelis (40.8%), Skrjabinema ovis (5.0%), Nematodirus battus (5.8%), Moniezia expansa (29.2%), M. benedeni (10.0%), Paramphistomum spp. (5.0%) and Cysticercus tenuicollis (33.3%). Haemonchus ovis is reported for the first time in Nigeria. Mixed infections were most prevalent. Young goats were more commonly infected and had higher worm counts than adult goats. Only Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides and Cooperia spp. occurred in large numbers. Irrespective of the age of the goats, higher worm counts were generally encountered during the rainy season than in the dry season. The results are discussed in relation to the control of helminthiasis in grazing animals in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Variability of Anthropogenic and Natural Wrack Accumulations along the Driftline: Marine Litter Overcomes Wrack in the Northern Sandy Beaches of Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 966
Author(s):  
Laura Guerrero-Meseguer ◽  
Puri Veiga ◽  
Marcos Rubal
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Mussel Farming ◽  
The North ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
First Time ◽  
Future Management

Marine litter can end up deposited on sandy beaches and become entangled in the natural wrack, threatening its roles in ecosystems. However, it is currently unknown whether the storage of both artificial and natural accumulations on sandy beaches is correlated. Here, we quantified and compared, by first time, the litter and natural wrack on five sandy beaches in the north of Portugal. Results showed that the amount of marine litter and natural wrack were not correlated. Most of the sandy beaches had more litter than wrack and both artificial and natural accumulations disclosed high spatio-temporal variability. In summer, annual and opportunistic macroalgae dominated the wrack, while the litter was mainly formed by cigarette butts and leftover food. In winter, perennial taxa were more abundant in the wrack and plastics from mussel farming and cotton bud sticks dominated the litter. The macroalga Fucus spp., plastic pieces and materials from fishing were frequent in both periods. This study confirms that, currently, more litter than natural wrack reaches the Northern Portuguese sandy beaches, evidencing the need to take urgent measures against this contamination. Future management measures should consider this spatio-temporal variability to quantify both depositions.

scholarly journals Marine Debris Mitigation – Plastic Neutrality through a Credit System in Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Ka Ka Lee
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Responsible Consumption ◽  
The Status ◽  
Single Use

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 12: Responsible consumption and production and 14: Life Below Water coincide in the targeting of the problem of plastic marine litter, which has been garnering immense media attention in the recent years. In the Bangkok Declaration of 2019, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) vowed to significantly reduce marine litter. Efforts to reduce unnecessary plastic consumption have been seen in social movements, corporate policies and most noticeably, in regulatory control in the form of bans for specific types of single-use plastic items. A paradox exists as, arguably, civilization cannot sustain its current developmental momentum without the use of plastics, especially with the COVID-19 pandemic demanding higher levels of hygiene. This is the argument that is seen coupled with mass bans of single-use plastics, including packaging material and personal protective equipment. Corporate engagement to manage the plastic value chain in ways that commit to the creation of circular economies is attaining popularity. While reduction and substitution are being considered, the status quo of the scale of the production of plastics is still expected for the next few years as life cycle assessments (LCA), test trials of consumer acceptance towards novel delivery mechanisms and other forms of innovation are emerging. The reduction of plastics in the private-sector is allegedly ongoing but intangible in Southeast Asia. While recovery and collection innovations are underway for application and picking up speed, an unfathomable rate of marine litter entering waterways is still aggravating the bigger-than-ever problem of plastic marine debris in Southeast Asia. Responsible production has long adopted the concept of credits. Carbon credits are the most notable one, while palm oil credits are also prominently purchased by manufacturers to offset any palm oil content that is not yet sourced from certified sustainable suppliers. The concept of credits for plastics has been proposed but remains much less explored than their counterparts for other commodities. “Plastic neutrality” in the form of credit purchasing by manufacturers could likely be the final missing piece of the puzzle picturing a circular economy. In theory, the credit system could serve as an offsetting mechanism to recover from nature an equivalent or higher amount of plastics to be produced by the credit-purchasing responsible manufacturer. This paper explores how plastic neutrality through Plastic Credits, similar to the existing carbon and sustainable palm oil credits, could be applied in Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Jenis, komposisi, dan kepadatan sampah laut di Teluk Manado, Sulawesi Utara, pada musim hujan (Type, composition, and density of marine litter in Manado Bay during rainy season)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lindon R Pane ◽  
Wilmy E Pelle ◽  
Suzanne J Undap ◽  
Natalie D.C Rumampuk ◽  
Veibe Warouw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Litter Type ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Significant Contributor ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Beach Litter

During rainy season, a various type of litter can enter the ocean through rivers. This is a significant contributor to the amount of marine litter in the waters. In order to access the type, composition, and density of the litter during rainy season, this study was conducted in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi. The observation was done on the litter stranded on the beach, and they were classified into two different size groups, macro (>2,5 cm)- and meso (0,5-2,5 cm)-sizes. Malalayang Beach and Bailang Beach were chosen for the location of the study. Litter type, composition, and density was evaluated according to National Marine Litter Monitoring Guide. The result showed that there were 7 types of macro-size and 6 types of meso-size marine litter in Malalayang Beach and it was dominated by glass and ceramic for both sizes. In Bailang Beach, 9 types of macro-size and 7 of meso-size were found, and it was dominated by plastics. It can be concluded that various type of marine litter present in Manado Bay, both macro- and meso- sizes, during the rainy season. The highest composition was the glass and ceramics type. However, the highest density was the plastic type.---Pada musim hujan, berbagai jenis sampah dari daratan masuk ke perairan pantai melalui sungai. Hal ini merupakan penyumbang signifikan bagi jumlah sampah laut di perairan. Untuk menilai jenis bahan, komposisi, dan kepadatan sampah laut pada musim hujan, penelitian ini dilakukan di Teluk Manado, Sulawesi Bagian Utara. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sampah laut yang terdampar di pantai (beach litter), berukuran makro (> 2,5 cm) dan meso (0,5-2,5 cm), di dua lokasi, yaitu Pantai Malalayang dan Pantai Bailang. Sampah laut dievaluasi menggunakan Pedoman Nasional tentang Pemantauan Sampah Pantai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, sampah laut jenis plastik, kaca & keramik, busa plastik, kertas & kardus, logam, karet, kayu, kain, dan bahan lainnya, baik berukuran makro maupun meso ditemukan di perairan. Di Pantai Bailang, komposisi sampah laut berukuran makro dan meso didominasi oleh jenis bahan plastik; tetapi, di Pantai Malalayang didominasi oleh jenis kaca & keramik. Demikian juga untuk kepadatan sampah laut di Pantai Bailang, jenis bahan plastik mendominasi, baik sampah berukuran makro maupun meso. Sedangkan di Pantai Malalayang, jenis kaca & keramik mendominasi kepadatan sampah laut pada semua ukuran. Selanjutnya, dapat disimpulkan, pada musim hujan, berbagai jenis bahan sampah laut berada di Teluk Manado, baik berukuran makro maupun meso. Komposisi terbesar untuk ukuran makro dan meso ialah jenis bahan kaca & keramik. Namun, kepadatan tertinggi untuk ukuran makro dan meso ialah sampah jenis bahan plastik.

STUDI BIONOMIK VEKTOR MALARIA DI KECAMATAN KALIBAWANG, KULONPROGO

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardjito Eko Windarso dkk
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The increasing of malaria cases in recent years at Kecamatan Kalibawang has been suspected correspond with the conversion of farming land-use which initiated in 1993. Four years after the natural vegetation in this area were changed become cocoa and coffee commercial farming estates, the number of malaria cases in 1997 rose more than six times, and in 2000 it reached 6085. This study were aimed to observe whether there were any differences in density and diversity of Anopheles as malaria vector between the cocoa and mix farming during dry and rainy seasons. The results of the study are useful for considering the appropriate methods, times and places for mosquito vector controlling. The study activities comprised of collecting Anopheles as well as identifying the species to determine the density and diversity of the malaria vector. Both activities were held four weeks in dry season and four weeks in rainy season. The mea-surement of physical factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall were also conducted to support the study results. Four dusuns which meet the criteria and had the highest malaria cases were selected as study location. Descriptively, the results shows that the number of collected Anopheles in cocoa farming were higher compared with those in mix horticultural farming; and the number of Anopheles species identifi ed in cocoa farming were also more varied than those in the mix horticultural farming.Key words: bionomik vektor malaria, anopheles,

scholarly journals Understanding variability in greenhouse gas emission estimates of smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titis Apdini ◽  
Windi Al Zahra ◽  
Simon J. Oosting ◽  
Imke J. M. de Boer ◽  
Marion de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Smallholder Dairy Farms

Abstract Purpose Life cycle assessment studies on smallholder farms in tropical regions generally use data that is collected at one moment in time, which could hamper assessment of the exact situation. We assessed seasonal differences in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) from Indonesian dairy farms by means of longitudinal observations and evaluated the implications of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGE per kg milk (GHGEI) for a single farm, and the population mean. Methods An LCA study was done on 32 smallholder dairy farms in the Lembang district area, West Java, Indonesia. Farm visits (FVs) were performed every 2 months throughout 1 year: FV1–FV3 (rainy season) and FV4–FV6 (dry season). GHGEs were assessed for all processes up to the farm-gate, including upstream processes (production and transportation of feed, fertiliser, fuel and electricity) and on-farm processes (keeping animals, manure management and forage cultivation). We compared means of GHGE per unit of fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM) produced in the rainy and the dry season. We evaluated the implication of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGEI, and on the variance of GHGE from different processes. Results and discussion GHGEI was higher in the rainy (1.32 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM) than in the dry (0.91 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM) season (P < 0.05). The between farm variance was 0.025 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM in both seasons. The within farm variance in the estimate for the single farm mean decreased from 0.69 (1 visit) to 0.027 (26 visits) kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (rainy season), and from 0.32 to 0.012 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (dry season). The within farm variance in the estimate for the population mean was 0.02 (rainy) and 0.01 (dry) kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (1 visit), and decreased with an increase in farm visits. Forage cultivation was the main source of between farm variance, enteric fermentation the main source of within farm variance. Conclusions The estimated GHGEI was significantly higher in the rainy than in the dry season. The main contribution to variability in GHGEI is due to variation between observations from visits to the same farm. This source of variability can be reduced by increasing the number of visits per farm. Estimates for variation within and between farms enable a more informed decision about the data collection procedure.

scholarly journals Directional Distance Function Technical Efficiency of Chili Production in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Wirat Krasachat ◽  
Suthathip Yaisawarng
Keyword(s):  
Distance Function ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Directional Distance Function ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Function Technique ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Gap Technology

To overcome the challenging food safety and security problem, in 2003, the Thai government initiated ‘Good Agricultural Practices’ (GAP) technology. This paper used a sample of 107 small chili farms from the Chiyaphoom province for the 2012 crop year, and data envelopment analysis (DEA) meta-frontier directional distance function technique to answer two questions: (1) Are GAP-adopting farms, on average, more efficient than conventional farms? (2) Does access to GAP technology affect farmers’ decisions to adopt GAP technology? We also developed an ‘indirect’ approach to reduce the potential sample selection bias for small samples. For the dry-season subsample, GAP farms were more technically efficient when compared with non-GAP farms. These dry-season non-GAP farms may not adopt the GAP method because they have limited access to GAP technology. For the rainy-season subsample, on average, GAP farms were more efficient than non-GAP farms at the 5% level. Access to the GAP technology is not a possible reason for non-GAP rainy season farms to not adopt the GAP technology. To enable sustainable development, government agencies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must develop and implement appropriate educational and training workshops to promote and assist GAP technology adoption for chili farms in Thailand.

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