Methodology for irrigation water uptake time estimation based on RGB colorimetric measurements of leaves (A visual-graphical observation)

We developed a numerical model to predict soil salinity from knowledge of evapotranspiration rate, crop salt tolerance, irrigation water salinity, and soil hydraulic properties. Using the model, we introduced a new weighting function to express the limitation imposed by salinity on plant available water estimated by the integral water capacity concept. Lower and critical limits of soil water uptake by plants were also defined. We further analysed the sensitivity of model results to underlying parameters using characteristics given for corn, cowpea, and barley in the literature and two clay and sandy loam soils obtained from databases. Results showed that, between two irrigation events, soil salinity increased nonlinearly with decreasing soil water content especially when evapotranspiration and soil drainage rate were high. The salinity weighting function depended greatly on the plant sensitivity to salinity and irrigation water salinity. This research confirmed that both critical and lower limits (in terms of water content) of soil water uptake by plants increased with evapotranspiration rate and irrigation water salinity. Since the presented approach is based on a physical concept and well-known plant parameters, soil hydraulic characteristics, irrigation water salinity, and meteorological conditions, it may be useful in spatio-temporal modelling of soil water quality and quantity and prediction of crop yield.

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Soil water in relation to irrigation, water uptake and potato yield in a humid climate

Agricultural Water Management ◽

10.1016/j.agwat.2007.10.012 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 292-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

G.C. Starr ◽

D. Rowland ◽

T.S. Griffin ◽

O.M. Olanya

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Potato Yield ◽

Humid Climate

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QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD.) SEEDLING, WATER UPTAKE AND YIELD RESPONSES TO IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2014.1054.16 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Hirich ◽

R. Choukr-Allah ◽

A. Jelloul ◽

S.-E. Jacobsen

Keyword(s):

Water Uptake ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Yield Responses

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Soil Salinity and Its Management

Soil Moisture Importance ◽

10.5772/intechopen.93329 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muthuraman Yuvaraj ◽

Kasiviswanathan Subash Chandra Bose ◽

Prabakaran Elavarasi ◽

Eman Tawfik

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Root Zone ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Negative Effect

Soil salinity is a growing threat all over the world due to its toxic effect to reduce soil fertility and water uptake in the crops. An average of 418 million ha soil is saline in nature. Various climatic, geomorphic and rainfall pattern causes which involved in saline soil formation. To reduce the toxic effect proper management of saline soil is required. Irrigation water also a major concern regarding soil salinity management. Saline irrigation water enhances and maintains the severity soil salinity. Crop production aspects root zone salinity provides a strong negative impact on soil fertility. Salinity causes the reduction in nutrient ion, and water uptake has a significant negative effect on crop yields. Soil and water salinity interactions and their influence on crop growth and management of salinity are deliberated in this chapter.

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Effect of greenhouse microclimate and water quality on nutrient uptake in pepper hydroponic crop

10.12681/eadd/50557 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ανδρέας Ροπόκης

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Sweet Pepper ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

The Impact

The nutrient to water uptake ratios, henceforth termed “uptake concentrations” (UC), remain relatively constant over time under similar climatic conditions for a particular plant species and developmental stage. Under greenhouses with low temperature (LT) conditions, the uptake of nutrients may be altered in a different manner than that of the water and thus their UC may be different than in greenhouses with standard temperature (ST) conditions. In the Mediterranean regions, sweet pepper is frequently cultivated in unheated greenhouses in which the temperature during the winter may drop to suboptimal or even lower levels. In these areas, the available irrigation water frequently contains sodium chloride but also calcium bicarbonate, which at excessively high concentrations in closed hydroponic crops can impose Ca accumulation in the recycled NS and concomitantly negatively affect fruit yield and quality of the produce.Taking the above into consideration there were established three studies:In the first study, pepper plants of the cultivars ‘Sammy’ and ‘Orangery’, self-grafted or grafted onto two commercial rootstocks ('Robusto' and 'Terrano'), were cultivated in a greenhouse under either ST or LT conditions. The aim of the study was to test the impact of grafting and greenhouse temperature on total yield, water use efficiency and nutrient uptake. The LT regime reduced yield by about 50% in ‘Sammy’ and 33% in ‘Orangery’, irrespective of the grafting combination. Grafting of ‘Sammy’ onto both 'Robusto' and 'Terrano' increased the total fruit yield by 39% and 34% compared with the self-grafted control, while grafting of ‘Orangery’ increased yield only when the rootstock was ‘Terrano’. The yield increase resulted exclusively from enhancement of the fruit number per plant. Both the water consumption and the water use efficiency were suppressed by the LT regime but the temperature effect interacted with the rootstock/scion combination. The LT increased the UC of K, Ca, Mg, N, and Mn, while it decreased strongly that of P and slightly the UC of Fe, and Zn. The UC of K and Mg were influenced by the rootstock/scion combination but this effect interacted with the temperature regime. In contrast, the Ca, N, and P concentrations were not influenced by the grafting combination. The results of the present study show that the impact of grafting on yield and nutrient uptake in pepper depend not merely on the rootstock genotype but on the rootstock/scion combination.In the second study, mean UC of macro- and micronutrients were determined during five developmental stages in different pepper cultivars grown in a closed hydroponic system by measuring the water uptake and the nutrient removal from the RNS. The experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean environment and the tested cultivars were ‘Orangery’, ‘Bellisa’, ‘Sondela’, ‘Sammy’ self-grafted and ‘Sammy’ grafted onto the commercial rootstock `RS10'. ‘Sondela’ exhibited significantly higher ΝΟ3, Μg, Ca and B UC in comparison with all other cultivars, while Bellisa exhibited higher K UC. The UC of all nutrients were similar in the grafted and the non-grafted ‘Sammy’ plants. The UC of macronutrients estimated in the second study (mmol L-1) ranged from 2.4 to 3.7 for Ca, 1.0 to 1.5 for Mg, 6.2 to 9.0 for K, 11.7 to 13.7 for N, and 0.7 to 1.1 for P. The UC of N, K, Ca and Mg were appreciably higher than the corresponding values found under Dutch climatic conditions, while that of P was similar in both environments during the vegetative stage and higher thereafter. The UC of Fe, Zn and B tended to decrease with time, while that of Mn increased initially and subsequently decreased slightly during the reproductive developmental stage.In the third study, irrigation water containing 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mM was used to prepare NS in a closed hydroponic crop of sweet pepper cultivated in RNS. The aim of the study was to determine maximum Ca levels that do not harm the crop and to simulate the pattern of Ca accumulation when the Ca concentration in the irrigation water is excessive. At 1.5 mM Ca, no Ca accumulation was observed in the RNS, while at 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mM the Ca concentration in the RNS, and concomitantly in the root environment, increased to 17, 28 and 37 mM, corresponding to 6.4, 9.0 and 10.8 dS m-1. The accumulation of Ca in the RNS affected both tissue nutrient concentrations and UC of Ca, S and Mg, but this was not the case for N and K. Growth, yield and plant water uptake were restricted at moderate and high external Ca levels. Our results showed that in soilless sweet pepper crops with zero discharge of fertigation effluents, the Ca concentration in the irrigation water should be lower than 3.0 mM to avoid yield restrictions due to salinity.

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Modeling the Relationship between Water Uptake by Cucumber and NaCl Accumulation in a Closed Hydroponic System

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.802 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 802-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Dimitrios Savvas ◽

Gerasimos Meletiou ◽

Spiridoula Margariti ◽

Ioannis Tsirogiannis ◽

Anastasios Kotsiras

Keyword(s):

Water Uptake ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Root Zone ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Hydroponic System ◽

Reverse Pattern ◽

Nacl Concentration ◽

Water Rate ◽

Using Data ◽

Experimental Treatments

In a completely closed hydroponic system, Na and Cl commonly accumulate in the root zone, at rates depending on the concentration of NaCl in the irrigation water (rate of Na and Cl inlet) and the Na to water and Cl to water ratios at which they are taken up by the plants (rates of Na and Cl outlet). However, while the concentration of NaCl in the irrigation water is commonly a constant, the Na to water and Cl to water uptake ratios are variables depending on the concentrations of Na and Cl in the root zone and, hence, on the rates of their accumulation. To quantify this feed-back relationship, a differential equation was established, relating the rate of Na (or Cl) accumulation to the rate of water uptake. This equation was solved according to the classical Runge-Kutta numerical method using data originating from a cucumber experiment, which was conducted in a fully automated, closed-loop hydroponic installation. Four different NaCl concentrations in the irrigation water, 0.8, 5, 10 and 15 mm, were applied as experimental treatments. The theoretically calculated curves followed a convex pattern, with an initially rapid increase of the Na and Cl concentrations in the root zone and a gradual leveling out as the cumulative water consumption was rising. This was ascribed to the gradual approaching of the Na to water and Cl to water outlet ratios via plant uptake, which were increasing as NaCl was accumulating in the root zone, to the constant NaCl to water inlet ratio (NaCl concentration in irrigation water). The model could predict the measured Na and Cl concentrations in the drainage water more accurately at 10 and 15 mm NaCl than at 0.8 and 5 mm NaCl in the irrigation water. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed. Plant growth and water uptake were restricted as salinity was increasing, following a reverse pattern to that of Na and Cl accumulation in the root zone. The leaf K, Mg and P concentrations were markedly restricted by the increasing salinity, while that of Ca was less severely affected.

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Irrigation water consumption modelling of a soilless cucumber crop under specific greenhouse conditions in a humid tropical climate

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20151538 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Galo Alberto Salcedo ◽

Juan Reca ◽

Mónica Pérez-Sáiz ◽

María Teresa Lao

Keyword(s):

Water Uptake ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Growth Function ◽

Tropical Climate ◽

Poor Correlation ◽

Indoor Climate ◽

Area Index ◽

Combination Methods ◽

Humid Tropical Climate

ABSTRACT: The irrigation water consumption of a soilless cucumber crop under greenhouse conditions in a humid tropical climate has been evaluated in this paper in order to improve the irrigation water and fertilizers management in these specific conditions. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted. Two trials were carried out during the years 2011 and 2014 in an experimental farm located in Vinces (Ecuador). In each trial, the complete growing cycle of a cucumber crop grown under a greenhouse was evaluated. Crop development was monitored and a good fit to a sigmoidal Gompertz type growth function was reported. The daily water uptake of the crop was measured and related to the most relevant indoor climate variables. Two different combination methods, namely the Penman-Monteith equation and the Baille equation, were applied. However, the results obtained with these combination methods were not satisfactory due to the poor correlation between the climatic variables, especially the incoming radiation, and the crop's water uptake (WU). On contrary, a good correlation was reported between the crop's water uptake and the leaf area index (LAI), especially in the initial crop stages. However, when the crop is fully developed, the WU stabilizes and becomes independent from the LAI. A preliminary model to simulate the water uptake of the crop was adjusted using the data obtained in the first experiment and then validated with the data of the second experiment.

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Impact of Drought and Changing Water Sources on Water Use and Soil Salinity of Almond and Pistachio Orchards: 2. Modeling

Soil Systems ◽

10.3390/soilsystems5040058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Sarah A. Helalia ◽

Ray G. Anderson ◽

Todd H. Skaggs ◽

Jirka Šimůnek

Keyword(s):

Water Uptake ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Root Zone ◽

Root Water Uptake ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Secondary Salinization ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Soil Hydraulic

California is increasingly experiencing drought conditions that restrict irrigation deliveries to perennial nut crops such as almonds and pistachios. During drought, poorer quality groundwater is often used to maintain these crops, but this use often results in secondary salinization that requires skilled management. Process-based models can help improve management guidelines under these challenging circumstances. The main objective of this work was to assess seasonal soil salinity and root water uptake as a function of irrigation water salinity and annual rain amounts. The manuscript presents a comparison of three-year experimental and numerically simulated root zone salinities in and below the root zone of almond and pistachio drip-irrigated orchards at multiple locations in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, with different meteorological characteristics. The HYDRUS-1D numerical model was calibrated and validated using field measurements of soil water contents and soil solute bulk electrical conductivities at four root zone depths and measured soil hydraulic conductivities. The remaining soil hydraulic parameters were estimated inversely. Observations and simulations showed that the effects of rain on root zone salinity were higher in fields with initially low salinities than in fields with high salinities. The maximum reduction in simulated root water uptake (7%) occurred in response to initially high soil salinity conditions and saline irrigation water. The minimum reduction in simulated water uptake (2.5%) occurred in response to initially low soil salinity conditions and a wet rain year. Simulated water uptake reductions and leaching fractions varied at early and late times of the growing season, depending on irrigation water salinity. Root water uptake reduction was highly correlated with the cumulative effects of using saline waters in prior years, more than salt leaching during a particular season, even when rain was sufficient to leach salts during a wet year.

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Water sources for apple trees in Alpine orchards: where does irrigation water go?

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9289 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniele Penna ◽

Jason Frentress ◽

Damiano Zanotelli ◽

Francesca Scandellari ◽

Agnese Aguzzoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Isotopic Composition ◽

Soil Water ◽

River Water ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Sources ◽

Rain Water ◽

Apple Trees ◽

General Hypothesis ◽

The One

Understanding the dynamics and sources of root water uptake in agricultural systems is becoming increasingly important for implementing efficient and sustainable water resources management and, at the same time, for optimizing crop yield and quality under changing climatic conditions. In this work, we adopted the stable isotope approach to investigate the water sources accessed by apple trees in two orchards growing in the upper Etsch/Adige valley (South Tyrol, Eastern Italian Alps). We tested the general hypothesis that soil water, composed of a mixture of rain and irrigation water, was the main source for tree transpiration but that river water and groundwater mixed with soil water and contributed to root uptake for trees growing close to the river and with higher water table. Our results revealed that apple trees during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons relied mostly on soil water present in the upper 20-40 cm of soils, with an apparently negligible contribution of groundwater and river water, irrespective of the field position across the valley bottom. The isotopic composition of xylem water did not reflect the one of irrigation water (and neither that of groundwater) but rather of rainfall and throughfall, as well as that of soil water. We related this &#8220;hidden&#8221; tracer signature of irrigation water to the effect of soil evaporation that strongly modified its original isotopic composition: irrigation and rain water infiltrated into the soil and mixed with isotopically fractionated soil water, and trees took up a mixture of water with different isotopic composition compared to the one of the original irrigation source. This work contributes to improve the understanding of water uptake strategies in Alpine apple orchards and paves the way for further analysis on the proportion of irrigation and rain water used by apple trees in mountain agroecosystems.

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Estimating irrigation contribution to apple tree water uptake by deuterium tracing

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13382 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Agnese Aguzzoni ◽

Michael Engel ◽

Damiano Zanotelli ◽

Francesco Comiti ◽

Massimo Tagliavini

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Isotope Ratio ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Capillary Rise ◽

Soil Layer ◽

And Control

Against the background of a future decrease in water availability, there is a need to use irrigation water with higher efficiency. To improve water management, it is crucial to clarify the role of irrigation water compared to soil water and additional water sources, including groundwater, which is often neglected by most water balance models.We used deuterium-enriched water as tracer to distinguish irrigation water from soil water and groundwater and evaluate its contribution to the apple tree water uptake. The study was conducted in an apple orchard (Malus domestica, cv. Pinova) located in a flat area of the Venosta valley (South Tyrol, Italy) characterized by shallow groundwater (about 0.9 m from the ground). Before the experiment, the soil was covered for two weeks to prevent rain and irrigation from entering the soil. In July 2019, deuterium-enriched water (40 L/m2, &#948;2H = 1500 &#8240;) was homogenously applied to the soil in four plots. In the proximity of each irrigated plot, not-irrigated trees were present (controls). From both irrigated and control plots, soil, leaf and shoot axis samples were collected starting from 2 hours until 7 days after the irrigation. Total tree and soil water was extracted through cryogenic vacuum distillation. Soil and plant water isotope composition was measured at the IRIS (Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy) and at the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) analyzer, respectively. Reference ET for the period was 3.3 mm day-1 on average.Soil moisture in both irrigated and control soils decreased from the surface to 0.4-0.5 m soil depth and then progressively increased again until 0.8 m depth, in line with a maximum capillary rise of approximately 0.4 m estimated by models for a silty loam soil.&#160;In the upper 0.5 m soil layer, where around 80 % of total fine roots were concentrated, labeled irrigation water represented ca. 20 % of total soil water. The labeled water firstly appeared in the shoots starting from 8 hours from the irrigation (average &#948;2H = 27.4 &#8240;) and the deuterium concentration reached its maximum after 24-48 hours from water supply (&#948;2H = 68.1 &#8240;). At this time, irrigation water accounted for 8 % of the shoot extracted water. Considering the average deuterium abundance of the extracted water in the first 0.5 m soil layer, where labeled irrigation water mixed with soil water, we estimated that 35-40 % of the shoot water had been absorbed from such a layer. These preliminary results highlight the complexity of soil-water-plant interactions and call for additional investigation to understand the role of the soil water present before irrigation that could be preferentially taken up by roots. Additionally, the contribution of an upward flux from groundwater should be quantified.&#160;

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