scholarly journals Impact of Drought and Changing Water Sources on Water Use and Soil Salinity of Almond and Pistachio Orchards: 2. Modeling

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Helalia ◽  
Ray G. Anderson ◽  
Todd H. Skaggs ◽  
Jirka Šimůnek
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

California is increasingly experiencing drought conditions that restrict irrigation deliveries to perennial nut crops such as almonds and pistachios. During drought, poorer quality groundwater is often used to maintain these crops, but this use often results in secondary salinization that requires skilled management. Process-based models can help improve management guidelines under these challenging circumstances. The main objective of this work was to assess seasonal soil salinity and root water uptake as a function of irrigation water salinity and annual rain amounts. The manuscript presents a comparison of three-year experimental and numerically simulated root zone salinities in and below the root zone of almond and pistachio drip-irrigated orchards at multiple locations in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, with different meteorological characteristics. The HYDRUS-1D numerical model was calibrated and validated using field measurements of soil water contents and soil solute bulk electrical conductivities at four root zone depths and measured soil hydraulic conductivities. The remaining soil hydraulic parameters were estimated inversely. Observations and simulations showed that the effects of rain on root zone salinity were higher in fields with initially low salinities than in fields with high salinities. The maximum reduction in simulated root water uptake (7%) occurred in response to initially high soil salinity conditions and saline irrigation water. The minimum reduction in simulated water uptake (2.5%) occurred in response to initially low soil salinity conditions and a wet rain year. Simulated water uptake reductions and leaching fractions varied at early and late times of the growing season, depending on irrigation water salinity. Root water uptake reduction was highly correlated with the cumulative effects of using saline waters in prior years, more than salt leaching during a particular season, even when rain was sufficient to leach salts during a wet year.

A simple numerical model to estimate water availability in saline soils

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi ◽  
Mahnaz Khataar
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate

We developed a numerical model to predict soil salinity from knowledge of evapotranspiration rate, crop salt tolerance, irrigation water salinity, and soil hydraulic properties. Using the model, we introduced a new weighting function to express the limitation imposed by salinity on plant available water estimated by the integral water capacity concept. Lower and critical limits of soil water uptake by plants were also defined. We further analysed the sensitivity of model results to underlying parameters using characteristics given for corn, cowpea, and barley in the literature and two clay and sandy loam soils obtained from databases. Results showed that, between two irrigation events, soil salinity increased nonlinearly with decreasing soil water content especially when evapotranspiration and soil drainage rate were high. The salinity weighting function depended greatly on the plant sensitivity to salinity and irrigation water salinity. This research confirmed that both critical and lower limits (in terms of water content) of soil water uptake by plants increased with evapotranspiration rate and irrigation water salinity. Since the presented approach is based on a physical concept and well-known plant parameters, soil hydraulic characteristics, irrigation water salinity, and meteorological conditions, it may be useful in spatio-temporal modelling of soil water quality and quantity and prediction of crop yield.

scholarly journals Adopting adequate leaching requirement for practical response models of basil to salinity

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Babazadeh ◽  
Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi ◽  
Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Saturated Extract

Abstract Several mathematical models are being used for assessing plant response to salinity of the root zone. Objectives of this study included quantifying the yield salinity threshold value of basil plants to irrigation water salinity and investigating the possibilities of using irrigation water salinity instead of saturated extract salinity in the available mathematical models for estimating yield. To achieve the above objectives, an extensive greenhouse experiment was conducted with 13 irrigation water salinity levels, namely 1.175 dS m−1 (control treatment) and 1.8 to 10 dS m−1. The result indicated that, among these models, the modified discount model (one of the most famous root water uptake model which is based on statistics) produced more accurate results in simulating the basil yield reduction function using irrigation water salinities. Overall the statistical model of Steppuhn et al. on the modified discount model and the math-empirical model of van Genuchten and Hoffman provided the best results. In general, all of the statistical models produced very similar results and their results were better than math-empirical models. It was also concluded that if enough leaching was present, there was no significant difference between the soil salinity saturated extract models and the models using irrigation water salinity.

scholarly journals Spatial Relationship between Irrigation Water Salinity, Waterlogging, and Cropland Degradation in the Arid and Semi-Arid Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047
Author(s):  
Reda Amer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Water scarcity in arid and semiarid regions has resulted in using of low-quality waters for crop irrigation. This study aims to investigate the spatial relationship of low-quality irrigation water and waterlogging in arid and semiarid environments. The multi-decadal (1990–2020) time series Landsat images and hadrochemical water analysis were employed within geographical information system mapping (GIS) to understand the relationship between irrigation water, soil salinity, and waterlogging in the western Nile Delta, Egypt. The normalized difference water index (NDWI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Landsat images were combined to quantify the Spatiotemporal changes in the croplands and waterlogging from 1990 to 2020. ArcGIS inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation was used to create spatial layers of irrigation water salinity from electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and soluble sodium percentage (Na%). The results demonstrated a significant spatial relationship between waterlogging and EC, SAR, and Na% in irrigation groundwater. Long-term irrigation with high salinity groundwater led to increased soil salinity, low soil permeability, and waterlogging. This study offers a time- and cost-efficient geospatial method for regional monitoring of surface waterlogging and mitigation strategies for cropland degradation and agricultural drainage water recycling that would benefit stakeholders and decision-makers.

scholarly journals Soil Salinity and Its Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthuraman Yuvaraj ◽  
Kasiviswanathan Subash Chandra Bose ◽  
Prabakaran Elavarasi ◽  
Eman Tawfik
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Negative Effect

Soil salinity is a growing threat all over the world due to its toxic effect to reduce soil fertility and water uptake in the crops. An average of 418 million ha soil is saline in nature. Various climatic, geomorphic and rainfall pattern causes which involved in saline soil formation. To reduce the toxic effect proper management of saline soil is required. Irrigation water also a major concern regarding soil salinity management. Saline irrigation water enhances and maintains the severity soil salinity. Crop production aspects root zone salinity provides a strong negative impact on soil fertility. Salinity causes the reduction in nutrient ion, and water uptake has a significant negative effect on crop yields. Soil and water salinity interactions and their influence on crop growth and management of salinity are deliberated in this chapter.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DO FEIJOEIRO (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv ESAL 686) SOB IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA SALINA

Irriga ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Márcio José de Santana ◽  
Jacinto De Assunção Carvalho ◽  
Messias José Bastos de Andrade ◽  
Elio Lemos da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Bean Plant ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Salinity Levels

DESENVOLVIMENTO DO FEIJOEIRO (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv ESAL 686) SOB IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA SALINA  Márcio José de Santana Jacinto de Assunção CarvalhoDepartamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG. CP 37, CEP 37200-000Messias José Bastos de AndradeDepartamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG. CP 37, CEP 37200-000Elio Lemos da SilvaDepartamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG. CP 37, CEP 37200-000  1 RESUMO  Foram avaliados os efeitos de concentrações de sais da água de irrigação sobre o comportamento vegetativo e produtivo do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv ESAL 686) e acúmulo de sais no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em Lavras - MG, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado , com seis repetições e cinco níveis de salinidade da água: 0,10; 1,0; 2,5; 4,0 e 5,5 dS m-1. Os parâmetros vegetativos e produtivos foram negativamente influenciados pela salinidade da água de irrigação. Verificou-se também que a salinidade do solo aumentou com o aumento dos níveis em salinidade da água. As maiores salinidades da água de irrigação resultaram em menores consumos de água pelas plantas.  UNITERMOS: Feijão comum, salinidade da água, salinidade do solo.  SANTANA, M. J.; CARVALHO, J. A.; ANDRADE, M. J. B.; SILVA, E. L. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEAN PLANT (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. CV ESAL 686) UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY LEVELS  2 ABSTRACT  It was evaluated the effects of salt concentration in irrigation water on vegetative and productive behavior of the bean plant ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ESAL 686) and salt accumulation in the soil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Engineering Department of Lavras Federal University, Lavras-MG, in a complete randomized design with six replications and five water salinity levels: 0.10; 1.0; 2.5; 4.0 and 5.5 dS m-1. The vegetative and productive parameters were negatively affected by the irrigation water salinity. It was also verified a soil salinity increase as salinity levels increase in the irrigation water. The highest water salinity level caused the lowest water consumption by plants.  KEYWORDS: French bean, irrigation water salinity, soil salinity

scholarly journals Impact of Drought and Changing Water Sources on Water Use and Soil Salinity of Almond and Pistachio Orchards: 1. Observations

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Helalia ◽  
Ray G. Anderson ◽  
Todd H. Skaggs ◽  
G. Darrel Jenerette ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
The Impact

Soil salinity increases when growers are forced to use higher salinity irrigation waters due to water shortages. It is necessary to estimate the impact of irrigation water on soil properties and conditions for crop growth to manage the effects of salinity on perennial crops. Therefore, in this study, we monitored root zone salinity in five almond and pistachio orchards in eastern and western San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California (CA). Volumetric soil water contents and bulk electrical conductivities were measured at four root-zone depths. Evapotranspiration was measured by eddy covariance along with three other types of data. The first is seasonal precipitation and irrigation patterns, including the temporal distribution of rains, irrigation events, and irrigation water salinity. The second is soil chemistry, including the initial sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soil solute electrical conductivity (ECe). The third type is the physical properties, including soil type, hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density. As expected, we found low salinity at the eastern sites and higher salinity at the western sites. The western sites have finer textured soils and lower quality irrigation water; measured actual ET was about 90% of modeled crop ET. Across the three western sites, the annual average apparent leaching fraction ranged from 11 to 28%. At the eastern sites, measured ET almost exactly matched modeled crop ET each year. Apparent leaching fractions in the eastern sites were approximately 20%.

scholarly journals How Phosphorus Fertilization Alleviates the Effect of Salinity on Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Productivity and Quality

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1491
Author(s):  
Hamza Bouras ◽  
Ahmed Bouaziz ◽  
Bassou Bouazzama ◽  
Abdelaziz Hirich ◽  
Redouane Choukr-Allah
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity

Salinity is a major problem affecting agriculture in many regions of the world, including Morocco. The best agronomic practices such as fertilization are used to cope with salinity stress and improve productivity under saline conditions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the interactive effect of phosphorus and salinity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. “Sporta” productivity and quality. A field experiment was carried out, testing three levels of irrigation water salinity (ECw = 0.7; 4, 8, and 12 dS·m−1) and three levels of phosphorus (100, 120, and 140 kg P2O5·ha−1) organized in a split-plot design with three replicates. This research was conducted in the Tadla region (center of Morocco) during two seasons in 2019 and 2020. The obtained results show that irrigation water salinity had a negative effect on most growth and productivity parameters. For instance, sugar beet yield reduced by 21% and by 26% under saline irrigation, with an EC value equal to 4 and 8 dS·m−1, respectively, compared to the control during the 2018-2019 season, and by 1%, 19%, and 27% under saline irrigation, with an EC value equal to 4 and 8 and 12 dS·m−1, respectively compared to the control (0.7 dS·m−1) during the 2019-2020 season. Total sugar content was significantly increased by 5% and 7%, respectively, under saline irrigation, with an EC value of 4 and 8 dS·m−1, respectively, as compared with the control in the first growing season in 2018-2019. However, in the second growing season (2019-2020), only the highest level of saline water (EC = 12 dS·m−1) significantly increased in sugar content by 15% compared to the control. Regarding the P fertilization effect, it was found that a P rate of 120 kg P2O5·ha−1 was enough to improve the yield and sugar content of sugar beet under the tested salinity levels. Thus, P fertilization could be one of the best practices to enhance sugar beets’ tolerance of salinity. To obtain a maximum root and sugar yield under saline water, it is recommended to apply a phosphorus dose of 120 kg P2O5·ha−1.

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