Dexmedetomidine Levels in Breast Milk: Analysis of Breast Milk Expressed During and After Awake Craniotomy

Abstract:Background:Currently, there is a growing interest in lacto-engineering in the neonatal intensive care unit, using infrared milk analyzers to rapidly measure the macronutrient content in breast milk before processing and feeding it to preterm infants. However, there is an overlap in the spectral information of different macronutrients, so they can potentially impact the robustness of the measurement. In this study, we investigate whether the measurement of protein is dependent on the levels of fat present while using an infrared milk analyzer.Methods:Breast milk samples (n=25) were measured for fat and protein content before and after being completely defatted by centrifugation, using chemical reference methods and near-infrared milk analyzer (Unity SpectraStar) with two different calibration algorithms provided by the manufacturer (released 2009 and 2015).Results:While the protein content remained unchanged, as measured by elemental analysis, measurements by infrared milk analyzer show a difference in protein measurements dependent on fat content; high fat content can lead to falsely high protein content. This difference is less pronounced when measured using the more recent calibration algorithm.Conclusions:Milk analyzer users must be cautious of their devices’ measurements, especially if they are changing the matrix of breast milk using more advanced lacto-engineering.

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Comparison of breast milk composition among lactating women in Latvia

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences ◽

10.1515/prolas-2016-0009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 47-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Līga Broka ◽

Ilva Daugule ◽

Inga Ciproviča ◽

Daiga Kviļūna ◽

Ingrīda Rumba-Rozenfelde

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Milk Composition ◽

University Hospital ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Milk Analysis ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactose Concentration ◽

Long Time ◽

Neonatal Care Unit

Abstract Although benefits of breast-feeding have been known for a long time and breast milk is considered as ideal nutrition for infants, the composition of breast milk is still being studied, since breast milk differs among mothers and populations, as well as during different times of lactation. Further, no study has been performed among lactating women in Latvia during recent years. The objective of the study was to determine the breast milk composition and influencing factors among lactating women in Latvia in different lactation periods, as well as to compare the results with data from other countries. Fifty breast milk samples were obtained from 44 mothers (on the 5th-7th and 11th-28th day of lactation), whose neonates were treated in the Neonatal Care Unit, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Rīga. Milk analysis (pH, density, protein, fat, and lactose concentration) was performed in the Latvia University of Agriculture. Breast milk composition among lactating women in Latvia on the 5th-7th lactation day more resembled transitional milk containing a higher amount of protein and a lower amount of fat. The composition of the studied milk samples on the 11th-28th lactation day was comparable to data from other countries. Concentration of lactose was correlated with neonatal weight and not gestational age.

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Monitoring Early-Life Mycotoxin Exposures via LC-MS/MS Breast Milk Analysis

10.26434/chemrxiv.6391121 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dominik Braun ◽

Chibundu N. Ezekiel ◽

Wilfred A. Abia ◽

Lukas Wisgrill ◽

Gisela H. Degen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Early Life ◽

Biological Fluid ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Milk Analysis ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Food Contaminants

Infants are particularly susceptible towards the toxic effects of food contaminants including mycotoxins. However, multi-mycotoxin exposure assessment in breast milk has received very limited attention so far, resulting in a poor understanding of co-exposures during early-life. Here, we present the development and application of a highly sensitive, specific and quantitative assay assessing up to 28 mycotoxins including regulated (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone) and emerging mycotoxins as well as key metabolites by LC-MS/MS. After careful optimization of the sample preparation procedure, a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) protocol combined with a freeze-out step was utilized for method validation. The limits of quantification varied between 0.009 and 2.9 ng/mL, and for most analytes extraction recovery (74-116%) and intermediate precision (2-20%) were satisfactory. The method was applied to examine multiple breast milk samples obtained from 22 women (n=75 in total) from Ogun State, Nigeria. Most samples were either entirely free of mycotoxins or contaminated to a minimal extent with beauvericin (56%), enniatins B (9%), ochratoxin A (15%) and aflatoxin M1 (1%). The most abundant mycotoxin was beauvericin, which was not reported in this biological fluid before, with concentrations up to 0.019 ng/mL. In conclusion, the method demonstrated to be fit for purpose to determine and quantify low background contaminations in human breast milk. Based on the high sensitivity of the novel analytical method, it was possible to deduce that tolerable daily intake values were not exceeded by breastfeeding in the examined infants.

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No Evidence of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Human Milk: Analysis of a Cohort of 110 Lactating Women

10.1101/2021.04.05.21254897 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Krogstad ◽

Deisy Contreras ◽

Hwee Ng ◽

Nicole Tobin ◽

Christina Chambers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Milk Analysis ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Recent Infection ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Viral Culture ◽

Life Threatening

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infections of infants and toddlers are usually mild but can result in life-threatening disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA been detected in the breast milk of lactating women, but the potential role of breastfeeding in transmission to infants has remained uncertain. Methods: Breast milk specimens were examined for the presence of the virus by RT-PCR and/or culture. Specimens that contained viral RNA (vRNA) were examined for the presence of subgenomic coronavirus RNA (sgRNA), a putative marker of infectivity. Culture methods were used to determine the thermal stability of SARS-CoV-2 in human milk. Results: Breast milk samples from 110 women (65 confirmed with a SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test, 36 with symptoms but without tests, and 9 with symptoms but a negative SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test) were tested by RT-PCR (285 samples) and/or viral culture (160 samples). Although vRNA of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the milk of 7 of 110 (6%) women with either a confirmed infection or symptomatic illness, and in 6 of 65 (9%) of women with a positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test, virus was not detected in any culture. None of the 7 milk specimens with detectable vRNA contained sgRNA. Notably, when artificially added to human milk in control experiments, infectious SARS-CoV-2 could be cultured despite several freeze-thaw cycles, as occurs in the storage and usage of human milk. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk of women with recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants.

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Monitoring Early-Life Mycotoxin Exposures via LC-MS/MS Breast Milk Analysis

10.26434/chemrxiv.6391121.v2 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dominik Braun ◽

Chibundu N. Ezekiel ◽

Wilfred A. Abia ◽

Lukas Wisgrill ◽

Gisela H. Degen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Early Life ◽

Biological Fluid ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Milk Analysis ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Food Contaminants

Infants are particularly susceptible towards the toxic effects of food contaminants including mycotoxins. However, multi-mycotoxin exposure assessment in breast milk has received very limited attention so far, resulting in a poor understanding of co-exposures during early-life. Here, we present the development and application of a highly sensitive, specific and quantitative assay assessing up to 28 mycotoxins including regulated (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone) and emerging mycotoxins as well as key metabolites by LC-MS/MS. After careful optimization of the sample preparation procedure, a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) protocol combined with a freeze-out step was utilized for method validation. The limits of quantification varied between 0.009 and 2.9 ng/mL, and for most analytes extraction recovery (74-116%) and intermediate precision (2-20%) were satisfactory. The method was applied to examine multiple breast milk samples obtained from 22 women (n=75 in total) from Ogun State, Nigeria. Most samples were either entirely free of mycotoxins or contaminated to a minimal extent with beauvericin (56%), enniatins B (9%), ochratoxin A (15%) and aflatoxin M1 (1%). The most abundant mycotoxin was beauvericin, which was not reported in this biological fluid before, with concentrations up to 0.019 ng/mL. In conclusion, the method demonstrated to be fit for purpose to determine and quantify low background contaminations in human breast milk. Based on the high sensitivity of the novel analytical method, it was possible to deduce that tolerable daily intake values were not exceeded by breastfeeding in the examined infants.

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Breast-feeding by a Mother with Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.67.5.664 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 664-666

Author(s):

Michael J. Welch ◽

Dale L. Phelps ◽

Alan B. Osher

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

White Woman ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Milk Analysis ◽

Normal Infant ◽

Total Fat ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Chloride Concentrations

A 20-year-old white woman with cystic fibrosis who breast-fed her normal infant is described. Extensive breast milk analysis revealed normal sodium and chloride concentrations but elevated total protein and low total fat content; IgG and IgM levels were low to absent. The infant tolerated breast-feeding well, with normal growth and without infections, but the nutritional status of the mother appeared to be adversely affected. This case illustrates that breast-feeding by a mother with cystic fibrosis appears to be feasible but is fraught with difficulties.

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