Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. Causing Human Infection in Australia: An International Comparison

Human campylobacteriosis caused by thermophilic Campylobacter species is the most commonly reported foodborne zoonosis. Consumption of contaminated poultry meat is regarded as the main source of human infection. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular epidemiology of 205 Campylobacter isolates derived from Greek flocks slaughtered in three different slaughterhouses over a 14-month period. A total of 98.5% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. In terms of multidrug resistance, 11.7% of isolates were resistant to three or more groups of antimicrobials. Extremely high resistance to fluoroquinolones (89%), very high resistance to tetracycline (69%), and low resistance to macrolides (7%) were detected. FlaA sequencing was performed for the subtyping of 64 C. jejuni and 58 C. coli isolates. No prevalence of a specific flaA type was observed, indicating the genetic diversity of the isolates, while some flaA types were found to share similar antimicrobial resistance patterns. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Seven clusters of the C. jejuni phylogenetic tree and three clusters of the C. coli tree were considered significant with bootstrap values >75%. Some isolates clustered together were originated from the same or adjacent farms, indicating transmission via personnel or shared equipment. These results are important and help further the understanding of the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. derived from poultry in Greece.

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Characterization of Salmonella serotypes prevalent in asymptomatic people and patients

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06340-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Haiyan Xu ◽

Weibing Zhang ◽

Kai Zhang ◽

Yue Zhang ◽

Zhenyu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Human Infection ◽

The Other ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Discriminative Ability ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background Infection with Salmonella enterica usually results in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, but some people become asymptomatic or chronic carrier as a source of infection for others. This study aimed to analyze the difference in serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic profiles between Salmonella strains isolated from patients and those from asymptomatic people in Nantong city, China. Methods A total of 88 Salmonella strains were collected from patients and asymptomatic people from 2017 to 2018. Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis were performed to analyze the characteristics of these strains. Results Twenty serotypes belonging to 8 serogroups were identified in the 88 Salmonella strains. S. Typhimurium remained to be the predominant serotype in strains from both patients and asymptomatic people. Among the 27 strains from patients, S. Enteritidis and S. Rissen were shown as the other two major serotypes, while S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis were demonstrated as the other significant serotypes among the 61 strains from asymptomatic people. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that 84.1% of strains from both resources were multi-drug resistant. PFGE displayed a highly discriminative ability to differentiate strains belonging to S. Derby, S. Typhimurium, etc., but could not efficiently differentiate serotypes like S. Enteritidis. Conclusions This study’s results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium could cause human infection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic state; S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis usually cause asymptomatic infection, while S. Enteritidis infection mainly results in human diseases. The high multi-drug resistance rate detected in the antimicrobial resistance and diverse PFGE profiles of these strains implied that the strains were isolated from different sources, and the increased surveillance of Salmonella from both patients and asymptomatic people should be taken to control the disease.

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Impact of Ceftiofur Administration in Steers on the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp.

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 318

Author(s):

Sicun Fan ◽

Derek Foster ◽

William G. Miller ◽

Jason Osborne ◽

Sophia Kathariou

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Active Drug ◽

Free Acid ◽

Structural Similarity ◽

Drug Concentrations ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Ceftiofur Hydrochloride ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Bacterial resistance to ceftiofur raises health concerns due to ceftiofur’s extensive veterinary usage and structural similarity with the human antibiotic ceftriaxone. Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and ceftiofur hydrochloride (CHCL) are ceftiofur types used therapeutically in cattle, but their potential impacts on Campylobacter prevalence and antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In this study two groups of steers were each treated with CCFA or CHCL. In vivo active drug concentrations were measured and fecal samples were analyzed for Campylobacter for up to 42 days post-treatment. Following administration, the colonic concentration of ceftiofur initially increased then dropped to pre-treatment levels by day 8. The estimated prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was significantly (p = 0.0009) higher during the first week after CCFA treatment than after CHCL treatment (81.3% vs. 45.2%). Campylobacter jejuni predominated overall, with other Campylobacter spp. mainly identified in the first week after CCFA treatment. No treatment impacts were noted on ceftiofur minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. jejuni (10–20 μg/mL). More C. jejuni genotypes were detected in CCFA-treated than CHCL-treated steers. These findings suggest that ceftiofur did not significantly impact Campylobacter prevalence or ceftiofur MIC. However, CHCL may be preferable due to the lower likelihood of temporary increases in Campylobacter prevalence.

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Consumption of minas frescal cheese may be a source of human infection by Campylobacter jejuni

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v36n2a2020-42429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Guilherme Paz Monteiro ◽

Roberta Torres de Melo ◽

Eliane Pereira Mendonça ◽

Priscila Christen Nalevaiko ◽

Mariela Moura Carreon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Human Infection ◽

Emerging Pathogen ◽

Dairy Food ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Fresh Cheese ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

Metabolic Activities ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and the consumption of dairy food can characterize sources of infection. We aimed to verify the viability and a presence of transcripts associated with characteristics of virulence and adaptation of C. jejuni isolated from Minas Frescal cheeses, produced with contaminated milk and stored under refrigeration for up to ten days. The samples were analyzed for bioindicators, Campylobacter spp., pH, acidity, moisture and sodium chloride. Campylobacter spp. recovered were evaluated for the production of transcripts of: ciaB, dnaJ, p19 and sodB. The results were correlated with the viability of C. jejuni and changes in their transcriptome. Storage at low temperatures reduced C. jejuni from the first to the fourth day. The variations in humidity, pH and acidity influenced the decreasing of C. jejuni. There was a reduction in transcripts' production of the four genes, more pronounced on the fourth day, indicating the inability of the microorganism to perform its metabolic activities, due to the conditions of injury. Despite the presence of mechanisms of virulence and adaptation, C. jejuni could not remain viable four days after production. However, consumption of fresh cheese contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni can be a source of infection when consumed up to four days after production.

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Genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in Dakar, Senegal

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.365 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (03) ◽

pp. 284-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Amy Gassama Sow ◽

Abdoul Aziz Wane ◽

Mamadou Hadi Diallo ◽

Cheikh Saad-Bouh Boye ◽

Awa Aïdara-Kane

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Data Bank ◽

Human Infection ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Conjugative Plasmid ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Background: It is well established that Salmonella enterica is a major cause of food-borne disease worldwide. In Africa, according to the Who Global Salm-Surv country data bank from 2000 to 2002 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was the most common serotype involved in human salmonellosis. In Dakar this serotype of Salmonella has been reported as a frequent and an increasing cause of human infection. Methodology: The genetic determinants of the antimicrobial resistance of 25 selected multiresistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis referred to the National Reference Center for Enterobacteria (NRCE) in Dakar were investigated using molecular techniques. Results: All strains carried blaTEM 1 genes. Five harboured three types of class 1 integrons with gene cassettes dfrA15, dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA7. Multiresistance was due to a 23 Kb conjugative plasmid. DNA fingerprinting by macrorestriction of genomic DNA revealed a single related group suggesting that strains might be clonal. Conclusions: The spread of resistance genes through plasmid transfer plays an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in enteric pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis; the risk of transmissibility of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial strains highlights the urgent need to develop strategies to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial enteropathogens.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in Oklahoma Conventional and Organic Retail Poultry

The Open Microbiology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874285801408010130 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 130-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Aneesa Noormohamed ◽

Mohamed K Fakhr

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Grocery Stores ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacteris one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause bacterial gastroenteritis.This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofCampylobacterin conventional and organic retail poultry samples purchased from grocery stores in Tulsa, Oklahoma.One hundred and fifty six chilled retail chicken samples (85 conventional and 71 organic) and 65 chilled retail conventional turkey samples were collected in this study. The prevalence ofCampylobacterin the conventional chicken samples 32/85 (38%) was higher than in the organic ones 21/71 (30%). The prevalence ofCampylobacterin the conventional turkey samples was 11/65 (17%). Of the 53 positive chicken samples, 42 wereC. jejuni, 8 wereC. coliand three isolates were contaminated with both species. Of the 11 positive turkey samples, 8 containedC. jejuniand 3 harboredC. coliisolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of one hundred and forty nine recoveredCampylobacterisolates (130 chickens and 19 turkeys) towards sixteen antimicrobials was determined. The majority of the recovered turkey isolates (13/19) showed resistance to more than 7 antimicrobials while most of the recovered chicken ones (82/130) were resistant to 5 to 7 antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was not limited to isolates from conventional sources but was also available in isolates of an organic background and was generally lower inC. jejuniisolates when compared to theC. coliones.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Livestock and Companion Animals ◽

10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0013-2017 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 317-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Zhangqi Shen ◽

Yang Wang ◽

Qijing Zhang ◽

Jianzhong Shen

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Campylobacter Spp

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A one health framework to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control ◽

10.1186/s13756-020-00822-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chantal M. Morel ◽

◽

Richard A. Alm ◽

Christine Årdal ◽

Alessandra Bandera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Local Level ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Human Infection ◽

Local Health ◽

Hospital Perspective ◽

Local Health Service ◽

Common Framework ◽

The Cost

Abstract Objectives/purpose The costs attributable to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain theoretical and largely unspecified. Current figures fail to capture the full health and economic burden caused by AMR across human, animal, and environmental health; historically many studies have considered only direct costs associated with human infection from a hospital perspective, primarily from high-income countries. The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Platform for ONE-Burden Estimates (GAP-ON€) network has developed a framework to help guide AMR costing exercises in any part of the world as a first step towards more comprehensive analyses for comparing AMR interventions at the local level as well as more harmonized analyses for quantifying the full economic burden attributable to AMR at the global level. Methods GAP-ON€ (funded under the JPIAMR 8th call (Virtual Research Institute) is composed of 19 international networks and institutions active in the field of AMR. For this project, the Network operated by means of Delphi rounds, teleconferences and face-to-face meetings. The resulting costing framework takes a bottom-up approach to incorporate all relevant costs imposed by an AMR bacterial microbe in a patient, in an animal, or in the environment up through to the societal level. Results The framework itemizes the epidemiological data as well as the direct and indirect cost components needed to build a realistic cost picture for AMR. While the framework lists a large number of relevant pathogens for which this framework could be used to explore the costs, the framework is sufficiently generic to facilitate the costing of other resistant pathogens, including those of other aetiologies. Conclusion In order to conduct cost-effectiveness analyses to choose amongst different AMR-related interventions at local level, the costing of AMR should be done according to local epidemiological priorities and local health service norms. Yet the use of a common framework across settings allows for the results of such studies to contribute to cumulative estimates that can serve as the basis of broader policy decisions at the international level such as how to steer R&D funding and how to prioritize AMR amongst other issues. Indeed, it is only by building a realistic cost picture that we can make informed decisions on how best to tackle major health threats.

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Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– The first Italian case of human infection outside Sicily

Microbiologia Medica ◽

10.4081/mm.2016.5884 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Alberto Bellio ◽

Daniela M. Bianchi ◽

Pierluigi Acutis ◽

Cristina Biolatti ◽

Ida Luzzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Human Infection ◽

Italian Case ◽

Safe Area ◽

Epidemiological Changes ◽

Symptomatic Child ◽

Piedmont Region

Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– is considered endemic to Sicily (Italy) due to its epidemiological peculiarity. To our knowledge, no previous cases of human infection caused by S. bongori 48:z35:– have ever been reported in mainland Italy. Here we describe the isolation of S. bongori 48:z35:– from a 1-year-old symptomatic child in northwest Italy (Piedmont Region). The strain showed no antimicrobial resistance. Reporting of S. bongori 48:z35:– in a previously safe area is important to identify epidemiological changes.

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