Consumption of minas frescal cheese may be a source of human infection by Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter spp. is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and the consumption of dairy food can characterize sources of infection. We aimed to verify the viability and a presence of transcripts associated with characteristics of virulence and adaptation of C. jejuni isolated from Minas Frescal cheeses, produced with contaminated milk and stored under refrigeration for up to ten days. The samples were analyzed for bioindicators, Campylobacter spp., pH, acidity, moisture and sodium chloride. Campylobacter spp. recovered were evaluated for the production of transcripts of: ciaB, dnaJ, p19 and sodB. The results were correlated with the viability of C. jejuni and changes in their transcriptome. Storage at low temperatures reduced C. jejuni from the first to the fourth day. The variations in humidity, pH and acidity influenced the decreasing of C. jejuni. There was a reduction in transcripts' production of the four genes, more pronounced on the fourth day, indicating the inability of the microorganism to perform its metabolic activities, due to the conditions of injury. Despite the presence of mechanisms of virulence and adaptation, C. jejuni could not remain viable four days after production. However, consumption of fresh cheese contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni can be a source of infection when consumed up to four days after production.

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Temporal variation in the prevalence and species richness of Campylobacter spp. in a prairie watershed impacted by urban and agricultural mixed inputs

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2015-0710 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 402-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dinah D. Tambalo ◽

Tyler Boa ◽

Bijaya Aryal ◽

Christopher K. Yost

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Fresh Produce ◽

Human Infection ◽

Predominant Species ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

Contaminated Irrigation Water ◽

Campylobacter Lari ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. Using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of Campylobacter in the Qu’Appelle River watershed, an important source of irrigation water for vegetable producers in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites from April to September 2009 (145 samples), and from 5 sampling sites from May to October 2013 (116 samples). Campylobacter was detected in 57% and 16% of the samples collected in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Campylobacter detection was highest in May and June for both sampling years. In 2009, the predominant species were Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni, with prevalences of 84% and 41%, respectively. Other Campylobacter spp. were detected less frequently. Only C. lari was detected in 2013. The results in 2009 demonstrate the species richness of Campylobacter in water sources within the watershed. The occurrence of Campylobacter in the study area also underscores the importance of monitoring irrigation water used to irrigate fresh produce from a public health prospective.

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Francisella tularensis in muscle from diseased hares – a risk factor for humans?

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268817002540 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (16) ◽

pp. 3449-3454 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. HESTVIK ◽

H. UHLHORN ◽

T. JINNEROT ◽

S. ÅKERSTRÖM ◽

F. SÖDERSTEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Francisella Tularensis ◽

Human Infection ◽

Common Disease ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Game Species ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Gross Lesions ◽

Sources Of Infection

SUMMARYTularemia caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic disease. Tularemia is a common disease in the hare, and as a game species can be an important source of infection for humans. In this study, hares diagnosed with tularemia were examined with the aim to investigate whether the muscle (meat) had any pathological changes and/or contained F. tularensis. Real-time PCR and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected the bacteria in muscle samples from 40 out of 43 investigated hares. IHC showed that bacteria were few and most commonly located in the peri- and endomysium. Histopathology showed occasional perimysial necroses and mild inflammation in association to the bacteria. Attempts to culture from 14 muscle samples were successful in two cases, both stored in the freezer <1 year. The result of this study shows that since F. tularensis is present in the muscle of infected hares, there is a risk for human infection when consuming undercooked hare meat. The risk is enhanced by the fact that some hares do not have easily detected gross lesions. The study contributes to a better understanding of sources of infection and risk factors for humans to contract tularemia.

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An Investigation of the Effect of Catecholamines and Glucocorticoids on the Growth and Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9070555 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 555 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brendha Truccollo ◽

Paul Whyte ◽

Declan J. Bolton

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Human Infection ◽

Foodborne Illness ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Adhesion And Invasion ◽

Campylobacter Spp ◽

Campylobacter Infections ◽

Invasion Assays

Campylobacter spp. are major causes of foodborne illness globally, and are mostly transmitted through the consumption and handling of poultry. Campylobacter infections have widely variable outcomes, ranging from mild enteritis to severe illness, which are attributed to host interactions and the virulence of the infecting strain. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of host stress on the growth and pathogenicity of C. jejuni, three strains associated with human infection and two strains from broilers were subject to growth, motility, adhesion and invasion assays, in response to exposure to catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine and the glucocorticoid neuroendocrine hormones corticosterone, cortisol and cortisone which are associated with stress in humans and broilers. Catecholamines resulted in significantly increased growth, adhesion and invasion of Caco-2 cells. Corticosterone promoted growth in one of five strains, and cortisone resulted in a significant increase in motility in two out of five strains, while no significant differences were observed with the addition of cortisol. It was concluded that stress-associated hormones, especially catecholamines, may promote growth and virulence in Campylobacter.

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Comparison of Genotypes and Serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Danish Wild Mammals and Birds and from Broiler Flocks and Humans

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.67.7.3115-3121.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 67 (7) ◽

pp. 3115-3121 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

L. Petersen ◽

E. M. Nielsen ◽

J. Engberg ◽

S. L. W. On ◽

H. H. Dietz

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Human Infection ◽

Genomic Diversity ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Serotype O ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Strain Collection ◽

Clonal Lines

ABSTRACT The incidence of human infection with Campylobacter jejuni is increasing in most developed countries and the reason for this is largely unknown. Although poultry meat is considered to be a major source, it is evident that other reservoirs exist, possibly common to humans and poultry. Environmental sources are believed to be important reservoirs of Campylobacter infection in broiler chicken flocks. We investigated the potential importance of wildlife as a source of infection in commercial poultry flocks and in humans by comparing the serotype distributions, fla types, and macrorestriction profiles (MRPs) of C. jejuni isolates from different sources. The serotype distribution in wildlife was significantly different from the known distributions in broilers and humans. Considerable sero- and genotype diversity was found within the wildlife collection, although two major groups of isolates within serotype O:12 and the O:4 complex were found. Common clonal lines among wildlife, chicken, and/or human isolates were identified within serotype O:2 and the O:4 complex. However, MRPs of O:12 and O:38 strains isolated from wildlife and other sources indicated that some clonal lines propagated in a wide selection of animal species but were not detected in humans or broilers in this study. The applied typing methods successfully identified different clonal groups within a strain collection showing large genomic diversity. However, the relatively low number of wildlife strains with an inferred clonal relationship to human and chicken strains suggests that the importance of wildlife as a reservoir of infection is limited.

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Campylobacter spp. Zoonotic micro organism

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0802155i ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (1-2) ◽

pp. 155-162

Author(s):

Snezana Ivanovic

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Animal Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Animal Products ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

Cooked Meat ◽

Campylobacter Spp

There are two species of Campylobacter but, for human and animal health the most important are Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and for animal species also Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter laridis. Different temperatures, drying, pH of the environment, disinfectants, spices and probiotics and antibiotics influence the growth and multiplication of this micro organism in the animal as well as in the animal products. Campylobacter is present everywhere in the nature: in water, soil, and especially in animal digestive tract. Infection of humans with Campylobacter occurs most often by introduction of liquid and solid food contaminated with this bacteria. Usual sources of infection are: non-pasteurized milk, raw or insufficiently cooked meat, contaminated water. In most of the cases disease is of gastro-intestinal nature.

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Characterization of Salmonella serotypes prevalent in asymptomatic people and patients

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06340-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Haiyan Xu ◽

Weibing Zhang ◽

Kai Zhang ◽

Yue Zhang ◽

Zhenyu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Asymptomatic Infection ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Human Infection ◽

The Other ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Discriminative Ability ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background Infection with Salmonella enterica usually results in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, but some people become asymptomatic or chronic carrier as a source of infection for others. This study aimed to analyze the difference in serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic profiles between Salmonella strains isolated from patients and those from asymptomatic people in Nantong city, China. Methods A total of 88 Salmonella strains were collected from patients and asymptomatic people from 2017 to 2018. Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis were performed to analyze the characteristics of these strains. Results Twenty serotypes belonging to 8 serogroups were identified in the 88 Salmonella strains. S. Typhimurium remained to be the predominant serotype in strains from both patients and asymptomatic people. Among the 27 strains from patients, S. Enteritidis and S. Rissen were shown as the other two major serotypes, while S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis were demonstrated as the other significant serotypes among the 61 strains from asymptomatic people. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that 84.1% of strains from both resources were multi-drug resistant. PFGE displayed a highly discriminative ability to differentiate strains belonging to S. Derby, S. Typhimurium, etc., but could not efficiently differentiate serotypes like S. Enteritidis. Conclusions This study’s results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium could cause human infection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic state; S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis usually cause asymptomatic infection, while S. Enteritidis infection mainly results in human diseases. The high multi-drug resistance rate detected in the antimicrobial resistance and diverse PFGE profiles of these strains implied that the strains were isolated from different sources, and the increased surveillance of Salmonella from both patients and asymptomatic people should be taken to control the disease.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Poultry Carcasses in Poland

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-035 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (8) ◽

pp. 1451-1455 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

KINGA WIECZOREK ◽

IWONA KANIA ◽

JACEK OSEK

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Genetic Determinants ◽

Gyra Gene ◽

23S Rrna Gene ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Almost All ◽

Campylobacter Spp

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in poultry carcasses at slaughter in Poland. For the isolated strains, resistance to selected antibiotics and the associated genetic determinants were identified. A total of 498 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from 802 poultry samples during the 2-year study period. Strains were identified to species with the PCR method; 53.6% of the strains were Campylobacter jejuni and 46.4% were Campylobacter coli. A high percentage of the tested Campylobacter strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (74.1 and 73.5%, respectively) followed by tetracycline (47.4%) and streptomycin (20.5%). Only one C. jejuni and two C. coli isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Seventy-nine (15.9%) of the 498 strains were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics examined. Higher levels of resistance, irrespective of the antimicrobial agent tested, were found within the C. coli group. Almost all strains resistant to quinolones (99.5%) and to tetracycline (99.6%) carried the Thr-86-to-Ile mutation in the gyrA gene and possessed the tet(O) marker, respectively. All isolates resistant to erythromycin had the A2075G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. These results reveal that poultry carcasses in Poland are a reservoir of potentially pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter strains for humans, which may pose a public health risk.

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Comparison of Genotypes and Antibiotic Resistances of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on Chicken Retail Meat and at Slaughter

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00493-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 79 (12) ◽

pp. 3875-3878 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sonja Kittl ◽

Bożena M. Korczak ◽

Lilian Niederer ◽

Andreas Baumgartner ◽

Sabina Buettner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Human Infection ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Production Chain ◽

Content Type ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Retail Meat ◽

Retail Chicken Meat ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

ABSTRACTMultilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antibiotic resistance patterns ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter colifrom retail chicken meat showed high overlap with isolates collected at slaughterhouses, indicating little selection along the production chain. They also showed significant common sequence types with human clinical isolates, revealing chicken meat as a likely source for human infection.

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Epidemiological investigations onCampylobacter jejuniin households with a primary infection

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s002217240006486x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 325-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

J. Oosterom ◽

C. H. den Uyl ◽

J. R. J. Bänffer ◽

J. Huisman

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Primary Infection ◽

Index Patient ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Circumstantial Evidence ◽

Common Source ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Spread Of Infection

SummaryFifty-four Rotterdam patients in which a primary infection withCampylobacter jejunihad been detected (index patients) were compared with 54 control subjects with regard to the consumption and preparation of foods 7 days before onset of illness and the keeping of pet animals. Significantly more index patients than controls had eaten chicken meat (47v. 29;P= 0·0002), particularly at barbecues (14v. 2;P= 0·0015). Marginally more index patients had eaten pork (47v. 39;P= 0·048) or inadequately heated meat (13v. 8), though in the last case numbers were too small to be statistically significant. The consumption of beef or mutton and outdoor eating (other than at barbecues) were essentially the same in both groups. There was no significant association with the keeping of pet animals, although a few more index patients had cage birds than controls (18v. 12).Twenty-one (15%) of 130 household contacts of index patients also suffered from diarrhoea during the same period. Circumstantial evidence pointed to a common source of infection with the index patient in 13 instances (nine households) and probable intrafamilial spread of infection in six instances.Campylobacters were isolated from one of 110 swabs of kitchen work surfaces and eight of 107 swabs taken from lavatory bowls in index households.

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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EPIZOOTIC ASPECT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS EVOLUTION IN TERNOPIL REGION

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2016.1.6376 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

N. A. Vasylieva ◽

Yu. A. Kravchuk

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Human Infection ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Natural Reservoir ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Regional Laboratory ◽

Dark Ground ◽

Different Sources

Background. Ternopil region is endemic on leptospirosis. Its natural conditions (slightly alkaline or alkaline soils, air temperature, sufficient rainfall) contribute to the existence of major natural reservoir of the pathogen – mouse-like rodents. In the region, different serovariants of leptospira are exuded by rodents and farm animals. Objective. The materials of the Department of Highly Infectious Diseases of Ternopil Regional Laboratory Centre of the State Sanitation and Epidemiological Service of Ukraine, Ternopil Regional Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases of TSMU were studied. Leptospiras were detected by dark ground microscopy (DFM) of blood of patients, trapped rodents and examined farm animals. Results. The circulating of pathogens between different sources (rodents, animals) and annual ��disease incidence evidences that new leptospira serovar are carried onto endemic area mostly by farm animals; humans are infected from them through the environment sometimes in 3-5 years intervals; the further diffusion to the new areas of this pathogen serovars in all kinds of the examined mouse-like rodents is noticed. It is established that farm animals and rodents are competing reservoirs. To predict the future epidemiological situation of leptospirosis among the humans and to improve its diagnosis the constant monitoring of the population, infection and leptospira carriage among mouse-like rodent and farm animals and expanding of the panel of diagnostic leptospira strains including new pathogen variants in animals is necessary. Conclusions. The development of additional reservoirs in animals, with circulating of other pathogen serovars among them, such as mouse-like rodents, which were previously absent in the main natural reservoir, cause the change of etiological structure in human leptospirosis at the endemic areas. The range of human leptospirosis pathogens and its further spreading among all kinds of rodents increased during our research. The results of detection of leptospirosis pathogens among the various contingents which were studied evidence that the farm animals and rodents are competing reservoirs that cause human infection through environment. KEY WORDS: leptospirosis, disease incidence, source of infection, rodents, farm animals.

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