scholarly journals Characterization of Salmonella serotypes prevalent in asymptomatic people and patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Xu ◽  
Weibing Zhang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Infection with Salmonella enterica usually results in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, but some people become asymptomatic or chronic carrier as a source of infection for others. This study aimed to analyze the difference in serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic profiles between Salmonella strains isolated from patients and those from asymptomatic people in Nantong city, China. Methods A total of 88 Salmonella strains were collected from patients and asymptomatic people from 2017 to 2018. Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis were performed to analyze the characteristics of these strains. Results Twenty serotypes belonging to 8 serogroups were identified in the 88 Salmonella strains. S. Typhimurium remained to be the predominant serotype in strains from both patients and asymptomatic people. Among the 27 strains from patients, S. Enteritidis and S. Rissen were shown as the other two major serotypes, while S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis were demonstrated as the other significant serotypes among the 61 strains from asymptomatic people. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that 84.1% of strains from both resources were multi-drug resistant. PFGE displayed a highly discriminative ability to differentiate strains belonging to S. Derby, S. Typhimurium, etc., but could not efficiently differentiate serotypes like S. Enteritidis. Conclusions This study’s results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium could cause human infection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic state; S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis usually cause asymptomatic infection, while S. Enteritidis infection mainly results in human diseases. The high multi-drug resistance rate detected in the antimicrobial resistance and diverse PFGE profiles of these strains implied that the strains were isolated from different sources, and the increased surveillance of Salmonella from both patients and asymptomatic people should be taken to control the disease.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max B. Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Natural Modes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Human Autopsy Material

Under conditions closely simulating the natural modes of tuberculous infection in man normal guinea pigs have acquired tuberculosis by being exposed under two degrees of crowding to tuberculous cage mates in ordinary cages, where the food became soiled with excreta, bearing tubercle bacilli, and in special cages, with wire-mesh floors, where this source of infection was almost entirely eliminated. Guinea pigs were also exposed in the same room but not in the same cage with tuberculous animals. It was found that the relative tuberculous involvement of the mesenteric and tracheobronchial nodes showed a gradation of change from an almost completely alimentary infection to a completely respiratory infection. The disease involved the mesenteric nodes predominantly in the crowded ordinary cages, with much less or no affection of the tracheobronchial nodes. It was similarly, but less markedly, enteric in origin in the less crowded ordinary cages, the mesenteric nodes again being larger than the tracheobronchial nodes, but the difference in size was not so great. In the more crowded special cages the relative affection of these two groups of nodes alternated, so that in some the mesenteric, in some the tracheobronchial nodes were more extensively tuberculous. A disease characterized by less or no affection of the mesenteric nodes and by extensive lesions of the tracheobronchial nodes was seen in the less crowded special cages. Finally there was a massive tuberculosis of the tracheobronchial nodes with usually no affection of the mesenteric nodes in the frankly air-borne tuberculosis acquired by guinea pigs exposed in the same room but not to tuberculous cage mates. This gradation in the rô1e played by the enteric and respiratory routes of infection, as first the one and then the other becomes the more frequent channel of entrance for tuberculosis, would indicate that the penetration of tubercle bacilli by the one portal of entry inhibits the engrafting of tuberculosis in the tissues by way of the other portal of entry. It is apparent that in the special cages the opportunities for inhaling tubercle bacilli are at most equal to if not much less than in the ordinary cages; for in the latter dust from the bedding, laden with tubercle bacilli, is stirred up almost constantly by the animals, whereas in the special cages there is no bedding at all, and therefore, presumably, no more tubercle bacilli in the air than may occur in any part of the room. Nevertheless the route of infection was predominantly the respiratory tract in the special cages, especially in the less crowded, apparently because the enteric route had been largely eliminated. The greater predominance of the respiratory route amongst guinea pigs that acquired tuberculosis in the less crowded ordinary cages as compared to the lesser significance of this route in the more crowded ordinary cages would point in the same direction. These observations are in harmony with our knowledge that tuberculosis once implanted in an organism confers a certain degree of immunity to the disease. It is noteworthy that in a study of human autopsy material Opie (3) has found that when healed lesions are present in the mesentery focal tuberculosis in the lungs is seldom found, and that when first infection occurs by way of the lungs it tends to prevent the engrafting of the disease by way of the intestinal tract.

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonellae Isolated from Market-Age Swine

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1496-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEIGH A. FARRINGTON ◽  
ROGER B. HARVEY ◽  
SANDRA A. BUCKLEY ◽  
ROBERT E. DROLESKEY ◽  
DAVID J. NISBET ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Resistance Pattern

Antimicrobial resistance levels were examined for 365 Salmonella isolates recovered from the lymph nodes (n = 224) and cecal contents (n = 141) of market-age swine at slaughter. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by disk diffusion using 13 antibiotics common in the treatment of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Although none of the antibiotics tested were used subtherapeutically within the last 5 years on the farms sampled, resistance to chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was common. Penicillin G resistance was significantly more frequent (P = 0.03) and sulfisoxazole resistance was significantly less frequent (P < 0.01) in lymph node versus cecal isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed among 94.7% of the lymph node isolates and 93.5% of the cecal isolates. The most frequent multidrug resistance pattern included three antibiotics—penicillin G, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline. Isolates in somatic serogroup B, and more specifically, Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolates, were often resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than were isolates in the other serogroups. Streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin (lymph node isolates), and nitrofurantoin (cecal isolates) resistance levels differed significantly between somatic serogroups. The prevalence of penicillin G-, streptomycin-, and sulfisoxazole-resistant isolates differed significantly between serovars for both lymph node and cecal isolates. Results of this study suggest that a correlation exists between the somatic serogroup or serovar of a Salmonella isolate and its antimicrobial resistance status, which is specific to the antibiotic of interest and the source of the isolate (lymph node versus cecal contents).

scholarly journals Enlightenments of asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-114
Author(s):  
Jingbo Wang ◽  
Leishi Wang ◽  
Luping Li ◽  
Jiao Xu ◽  
Chun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Medical Observation ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Lung Ct

AbstractThis article reports two asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both cases came from Hubei Province. One was a 63-year-old male and the other was a 29-year-old female. Both were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the screening of high-risk personnel from the affected areas. During the 14-day isolation medical observation, they had no symptoms, their blood lymphocyte count and lung CT examinations were normal. An asymptomatic infection had been diagnosed, however, it was not “asymptomatic infection” state in incubation period. Due to the timely and effective isolation measures taken for the two cases, no other persons have been infected by them. Therefore, effective control of the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission, and protecting vulnerable populations are currently effective measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus infected disease.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Molecular detection of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients in Duhok city-Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Zainab H. Abdullah ◽  
Narmin S. Merza
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Identification System

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the most importnat Multidrug resistant microorganisms responsible for a vast array of nosocomial infections. 41 (6.8 %) isolates of A.  baumannii were obtained from a total of 603 clinical samples of burn and sputum during the period from March 2018 to February 2019. Twenty two isolates (3.6%) of A. baummanni were recovered from burn infections and nineteen isolates (3.2%) from sputum specimens. Identification and characterization of these isolates was accomplished by the aid of selective media (CHROM agar Acinetobacter) and was finally confirmed by VITEK 2 identification system test. Molecular identification utilizing genus and species-specific primers to detect the 16S rRNA and blaOXA-51 was also applied.  The Antibiotic resistance testing was done by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, 24 .4% of the isolates were Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR), while 65.9% were extensive drug resistance (XDR). All isolates  were absolutely resistant (100 %) to most of the antibiotics in use: cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-tazobactam, while the resistant profile for the other antibiotics can be represented as follows 98 %, 95 %, 90 %, and 83 % For both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, gentamycin and meropenem, amikacin, and azithromycin and imipenem, respectively. On the other hand, levofloxacin has a moderate effect on the isolates shown by 51% resistant isolates followed by doxycycline for which 39% of the isolates were resistant. Colistin was the only antimicrobial agent that has an intense effect as the majority of the isolates were sensitive. All the selected isolates of A. baumannii were successfuly produced band corresponded to the intended genes. Accurate and early detection of such bacteria is essential for stimulates effective treatment specifically in intensive care units. Molecular techniques have been successfully applied with high specificity using 16S rRNA and blaOXA-51-like gene as a simple and reliable method to differentiate  A. baumannii strains.

scholarly journals Diversity of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determinants inPseudomonas aeruginosaAssociated with Fresh Vegetables

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashina Allydice-Francis ◽  
Paul D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

With the increased focus on healthy eating and consuming raw vegetables, this study assessed the extent of contamination of fresh vegetables byPseudomonas aeruginosain Jamaica and examined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and the presence of various virulence associated determinants ofP. aeruginosa. Analyses indicated that vegetables from retail markets and supermarkets were widely contaminated byP. aeruginosa; produce from markets were more frequently contaminated, but the difference was not significant. Lettuce and carrots were the most frequently contaminated vegetables, while tomatoes were the least. Pigment production (Pyoverdine, pyocyanin, pyomelanin and pyorubin), fluorescein and alginate were common in these isolates. Imipenem, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were the most inhibitory antimicrobial agents. However, isolates were resistant or showed reduced susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and aztreonam, and up to 35% of the isolates were resistant to four antimicrobial agents. As many as 30% of the isolates were positive for thefpv1gene, and 13% had multiple genes. Sixty-four percent of the isolates harboured an exoenzyme gene (exoS,exoT,exoUorexoY), and multiple exo genes were common. We conclude thatP. aeruginosais a major contaminant of fresh vegetables, which might be a source of infection for susceptible persons within the community.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Strains Isolated from Sewage of Slaughterhouses Located in Sicily (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9611
Author(s):  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Antonino Virga ◽  
Maria Eufemia Gioffrè ◽  
Pasqualina Laganà
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Almost All

Antimicrobial resistance is presently one of the most public health critical concerns. The frequent and often incorrect use of antibiotics in animal husbandry has led to the spread of antimicrobial resistance in this setting. Wastewater from slaughterhouses can be contaminated with multidrug-resistant bacteria, representing a possible cross-contamination route. We evaluated the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater samples from slaughterhouses located in an Italian region. Specifically, 18 slaughterhouses were included in the study. Of the tested samples, 40 bacterial strains were chosen, identified, and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., and Citrobacter spp. were the most detected genera. The most resistant strains were on average those belonging to Enterobacter spp. The highest resistance rate was recorded for macrolides. Among β-lactams, penicillins and cephalosporins were by far the molecules towards which the highest resistance was detected. A very interesting finding is the difference found in strains detected in wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses, in which higher levels for almost all the considered drugs were detected compared to those from ungulates slaughterhouses. Our results indicate wastewater from slaughterhouses as a potential vehicle of resistant bacteria and highlight the importance of correct management of these kinds of waters.

scholarly journals Macrolide and fluoroquinolone associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium in a retrospective study of male and female patients seeking care at an STI Clinic in Guangzhou, China, 2016-2018.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wujian Ke ◽  
Dongling Li ◽  
Lai Sze Tso ◽  
Ran Wei ◽  
Yinyuan Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv

Abstract BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance in M. genitalium is a growing clinical problem. We investigated the presence of mutations for macrolide and fluoroquinolone, two commonly used medical regiments for treatments in China. Our aim is to analyze the prevalence and diversity of mutations among M. genitalium-positive clinical specimens in Guangzhou, Guangdong, south China.MethodsA total of 154 stored M. genitalium positive specimens from men and women attending an STI clinic were tested for macrolide and fluoroquinolone mutations. M. genitalium was detected via TaqMan MGB real-time PCR with a sensitivity of five genome equivalents (geq)/reaction. Mutations associated with macrolide resistance were detected using primers targeting region V of the 23S rRNA gene. Fluoroquinolone resistant mutations were screened via primers targeting topoisomerase IV (parC) and DNA gyrase (gyrA).Results98.7% (152/154), 95.5% (147/154) and 90.3% (139/154) of M. genitalium positive samples produced sufficient amplicon for detecting resistance mutations in 23S rRNA, gyrA and parC genes, respectively. 66.4% (101/152), 0.7% (1/147) and 77.7% (108/139) samples manifested mutations in 23S rRNA, gyrA and parC genes, respectively. A2072G (59/101, 58.4%) and S83I (79/108, 73.1%) were highly predominating in 23S rRNA and parC genes, respectively. Two sample had amino acid alteration in gyrA (M95I and A96T, respectively). Two sample had two amino acid alterations in parC (S83I + D87Y). 48.6% (67/138) samples harbored both macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations. The most common combination of mutations was A2072G (23S rRNA) and S83I (parC) (40/67, 59.7%). One sample had three amino acid changes in 23S rRNA, gyrA and parC genes (A2072G + A96T + S83I).ConclusionsThe high antimicrobial resistance rate of M. genitalium shows a worrisome trend in Guangzhou and suggests antimicrobial resistance testing and the development of new antibiotic regimens are crucial.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

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