The link of a frontal surface singularity

2016 ◽  
pp. 181-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Martins ◽  
J. Nuño-Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
Surface Singularity ◽  
Frontal Surface

The effects of forward rotation of posture on computer-simulated 4-km track cycling: Implications of Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013.

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Caddy ◽  
William Fitton ◽  
Digby Symons ◽  
Anthony Purnell ◽  
Dan Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Power Profile ◽  
Fixed Power ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Forward Integration ◽  
Track Cycling

The aim of this research was to indicate improvements in 4-km cycling performance that may be gained as a function of reduced frontal surface area ( A) when Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013 is contravened. In 10 male cyclists age 26 ± 2 (mean ± standard deviation) years, height 180 ± 5 cm and body mass 71 ± 6 kg, entire cycling posture was rotated forward from where the nose of the saddle was 6 cm rearward of the bottom bracket spindle (P6) to 4, 2 and 0 cm (P4, P2 and P0); contravening Union Cycliste Internationale rule 1.3.013. Using computerised planimetry, A was estimated and a forward integration model was compiled to simulate 4-km track cycling end time ( T4km) when a fixed power profile was applied. At P2, there was a significant but non-meaningful reduction compared to P6 ( p < 0.05, d < 0.02). There were small but significant reductions in A and T4km between P6 and P0; −0.007 ± 0.004 m2 and −1.40 ± 0.73 s, respectively ( p < 0.001, d = −0.259). There were no significant differences between P4 and P6 for A and T4km. These results suggest that at the most forward position (P0), a small but significant increase in 4-km performance can be expected compared to the legal position (P6). Moreover, the mean difference in T4km between P6 and P0 is greater than the winning margin at the Union Cycliste Internationale 4-km pursuit world championships four times in the previous 10 years.

Relationships Between Propulsion and Anthropometry in Paralympic Swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 978-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Dingley ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
Brendan Burkett
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Arm Span ◽  
Upper Body Power

Purpose:To characterize relationships between propulsion, anthropometry, and performance in Paralympic swimming.Methods:A cross-sectional study of swimmers (13 male, 15 female) age 20.5 ± 4.4 y was conducted. Subject locomotor categorizations were no physical disability (n = 8, classes S13–S14) and low-severity (n = 11, classes S9–S10) or midseverity disability (n = 9, classes S6–S8). Full anthropometric profiles estimated muscle mass and body fat, a bilateral swim-bench ergometer quantified upper-body power production, and 100-m time trials quantified swimming performance.Results:Correlations between ergometer mean power and swimming performance increased with degree of physical disability (low-severity male r = .65, ±0.56, and female r = .68, ±0.64; midseverity, r = .87, ±0.41, and r = .79, ±0.75). The female midseverity group showed nearperfect (positive) relationships for taller swimmers’ (with a greater muscle mass and longer arm span) swimming faster, while for female no- and low-severity-disability groups, greater muscle mass was associated with slower velocity (r = .78, ±0.43, and r = .65, ±0.66). This was supported with lighter females (with less frontal surface area) in the low-severity group being faster (r = .94, ±0.24). In a gender contrast, low-severity males with less muscle mass (r = -.64, ±0.56), high skinfolds (r = .78, ±0.43), a longer arm span (r = .58, ±0.60) or smaller frontal surface area (r = -.93, ±0.19) were detrimental to swimming-velocity production.Conclusion:Low-severity male and midseverity female Paralympic swimmers should be encouraged to develop muscle mass and upper-body power to enhance swimming performance. The generalized anthropometric measures appear to be a secondary consideration for coaches.

Part II: Steady aerofoil-spoiler characteristics

1987 ◽  
Vol 91 (908) ◽  
pp. 359-366
Keyword(s):  
Separated Flow ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Surface Singularity ◽  
Separation Region ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Singularity Method ◽  
Total Head ◽  
Low Speeds ◽  
Theoretical Results

Summary A surface singularity method has been formulated to predict two-dimensional spoiler characteristics at low speeds. Vorticity singularities are placed on the aerofoil surface, on the spoiler surface, on the upper separation streamline from the spoiler tip and on the lower separation streamline from the aerofoil trailing edge. The separation region is closed downstream by two discrete vortices. The flow inside the separation region is assumed to have uniform total head. The downstream extent of the separated wake is an empirical input. The flows both external and internal to the separated regions are solved. Theoretical results have been obtained for a range of spoiler-aerofoil configurations which compare reasonably with experimental results. The model is deficient in that it predicts a higher compression ahead of the spoiler than obtained in practice. Furthermore, there is a minimum spoiler angle below which a solution is not possible; it is thought that this feature is related to the physical observation that at small spoiler angles, the separated flow from the spoiler reattaches on the aerofoil upper surface ahead of the trailing edge.

scholarly journals Memorial Crosses of Veliky Novgorod: The Cross of Venerable Savva Vishersky and the Wander or the Black Cross

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-143
Author(s):  
Валерий Викторович Игошев
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Surface ◽  
The Core ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Black Cross ◽  
The Cross

В статье исследуются деревянные поклонные кресты работы новгородских мастеров, которые устанавливались для поклонения и в память каких-либо значимых событий. На основании изучения истории бытования, типологии, стилистических и технико-технологических особенностей сохранившегося в Новгородском музее креста Саввы Вишерского и утраченного Чудного (Чёрного) креста выявлены разновременные части этих памятников и сделана их атрибуция. В результате исследования деревянного креста Саввы Вишерского установлено, что памятник является сложным и разновременным, в основе которого сохранилась древняя массивная часть креста, сделанная в 1417 г. при основании монастыря самим преподобным Саввой Вишерским. А рельефные изображения и надписи вырезаны в конце XV - начале XVI в. после кончины преподобного. Вероятно, разновременным памятником был также и Чудный (Чёрный) крест. Его более тонкая лицевая поверхность, вероятно, изготовлена во время «поновления» или «реставрации» в 1547 г. Она была надставлена из липовых досок, и затем на этой плоскости вырезаны рельефные изображения Распятия, предстоящих и надписи. Скорее всего, при таком «поновлении» форма и пропорции древнего особо почитаемого восьмиконечного креста не были изменены. The article explores two wooden memorial crosses, the work of Novgorod masters, which were erected for worshiping and in memory of a certain significant events. Based on the history study, typology, stylistics and technological features of the Savva Vishersky cross, which is currently preserved in the Novgorod Museum, and now lost The Wonder (or The Black) Cross a different part of these objects were studied and attribution was made. As a result of the study of the Savva Vishersky wooden cross it was established that the object is complex and multi-temporal. There is an ancient massive part in the core of the cross, which was originally made by venerable Savva Vishersky himself in 1417 at the time of the monastery foundation. Relief images and inscriptions were carved in the late 15th or early 16th centuries already after the death of the reverend. Quite possible that the Wonder (or Black) Cross was also a multi-temporal as a finer frontal surface was probably made during a renovation in 1547. The frontal surface was created with Linden wood boards and then Crucifixion images, Saints and the inscriptions were carved out. Most likely this renovation did not influence the form and proportions of the ancient and highly revered eight-pointed cross.

scholarly journals Morphologic and Osteometric Analysis of the Skull of Markhoz Goat (Iranian Angora)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Goodarzi ◽  
Toraj Shah Hoseini
Keyword(s):  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Frontal Bone ◽  
Occipital Bone ◽  
Cheek Tooth ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Infraorbital Foramen ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
Cranial Index

This study provides some comprehensive osteometric and morphologic descriptions of the skull region of the Markhoz goat. Totally, 17 osteometric parameters of eight skulls of Markhoz goat were measured and expressed as mean ± SD. A skull length of18.67±0.66, a cranial length of11.1±0.38, a facial length of10.23±0.76, a skull index of47.77±1.96, a cranial index of54.04±2.29, a facial index of100.77±6.85and a foramen magnum index of89.32±14.1were recorded. Morphologically frontal bone did not constitute the caudal extent of frontal surface; rather it was formed by the parietal bone. There were two supraorbital foramina in both sides. The prominent facial tuberosity lies dorsally to the 3rd cheek tooth. The infraorbital foramen was single on either side which was located directly dorsally to the junction of the first and second upper premolar. The orbits were round and complete and located on a frontolateral oblique plane. The basilar part of the occipital bone was surrounded by two pairs of muscular tubercles with similar size. The temporal line was continuous of the temporal crest and ran over the parietal bone. In conclusion, the morphologic and osteometric data of Markhoz goat are comparable to other ruminants.

On the Ciliary Mechanisms and Interrelationships of Lamellibranches

1943 ◽  
Vol s2-84 (334) ◽  
pp. 187-256
Author(s):  
DAPHNE ATKINS
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Food Groove ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Free Edges

In the gill axes of the Microciliobranchia the most important muscles are longitudinal and transverse. The longitudinal muscles are: (a) those extending from one extremity of the gill axis to the other, inserted on the shell anteriorly, and (b) those in the free posterior portion of the axis, inserted on the shell where the axis becomes attached. Together these muscles act as branchial retractors. Withdrawal of the gills prevents (a) their being caught and crushed by the edges of the shell when the valves are suddenly closed, and (b) excessive fouling with sudden intake of muddy or noxious water. The transverse muscles below the chitinous structure arching the axial food groove serve to draw the demibranchs of a gill together, while those above the arch serve to separate them. Such swaying movements of the demibranchs serve to rid them of unwanted material. In the demibranchs are:--(1) muscles of the free edges. These include (a) muscles responsible for movements of the walls of the food grooves, and (b) longitudinal muscles, which effect antero-posterior contraction and assist the longitudinal muscles of the axis in retraction of the gills; (2) vertical muscles of the demibranchs, found chiefly in the Pteriacea, and responsible for dorso-ventral contraction of the demibranchs; (3) muscles of the interlamellar junctions serving to draw the two lamellae of a demibranch together, expelling the contained water; (4) horizontal muscles of the lamellae, present in forms with plicate and heterorhabdic gills and effecting by their action changes in shape of the frontal surface of the principal filaments and movements of the plicae important in connexion with the ciliary sorting mechanism; their contraction increases the folding of the lamellae and decreases the length of the gill: and (5) fine muscle-fibres forming the intrafilamentar ‘septum’.

scholarly journals Factors affecting temporary cavity generation during gunshot wound formation in animals – new aspects in the light of flow mechanics: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
MZ Felsmann ◽  
J. Szarek ◽  
M. Felsmann ◽  
I. Babinska
Keyword(s):  
Gunshot Wound ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
Surface Shape ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Cavity Size ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Temporary Cavity ◽  
Bullet Velocity

There is controversy regarding the causes of temporary cavity generation during gunshot wound formation. Analysis of gunshot wounds in hunted animals suggests that a bullet&rsquo;s frontal surface shape is the primary factor in forming a temporary pulsating cavity, and that cavity size is not directly affected by bullet velocity.

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