scholarly journals Syndecan 4 heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a selectively enriched and widespread focal adhesion component.

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Woods ◽  
J R Couchman
Keyword(s):  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Cytoplasmic Domain ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adhesion Component

Focal adhesion formation in fibroblasts results from complex transmembrane signaling processes initiated by extracellular matrix molecules. Although a role for integrins with attendant tyrosine kinases has been established, there is evidence that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are also involved with an associated role of protein kinase C. The identity of the proteoglycan has remained elusive, but we now report that syndecan 4 (ryudocan/amphiglycan) is present in focal adhesions of a number of cell types. Affinity-purified antibodies raised against a unique portion of the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan 4 core protein recognized an HSPG of similar characteristics to those of syndecan 4. These antibodies stained focal adhesions only after cell permeabilization and recognized differing mammalian species. Syndecan 4 was associated with focal adhesions that contained either beta 1 or beta 3 integrin subunits and those that formed on substrates of fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, or type I collagen. No focal adhesions were found that were vinculin-containing but lacked syndecan 4. In contrast, syndecan 2, whose cytoplasmic domain is closely homologous to syndecan 4, does not appear to be a focal adhesion component. Thus, syndecan 4 represents a new transmembrane focal adhesion component, probably involved in their assembly.

Syndecan-4 and integrins: combinatorial signaling in cell adhesion

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (20) ◽  
pp. 3415-3420 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Couchman ◽  
A. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Focal Adhesion Formation ◽  
Dominant Negative Inhibitor ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 4

It is now becoming clear that additional transmembrane components can modify integrin-mediated adhesion. Syndecan-4 is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan whose external glycosaminoglycan chains can bind extracellular matrix ligands and whose core protein cytoplasmic domain can signal during adhesion. Two papers in this issue of JCS demonstrate, through transfection studies, that syndecan-4 plays roles in the formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers. Overexpression of syndecan-4 increases focal adhesion formation, whereas a partially truncated core protein that lacks the binding site for protein kinase C(α) and phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of focal adhesion formation. Focal adhesion induction does not require interaction between heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan and ligand but can occur when non-glycanated core protein is overexpressed; this suggests that oligomerization of syndecan-4 plays a major role in signaling from the extracellular matrix in adhesion.

Control of morphology, cytoskeleton and migration by syndecan-4

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (20) ◽  
pp. 3421-3431 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Longley ◽  
A. Woods ◽  
A. Fleetwood ◽  
G.J. Cowling ◽  
J.T. Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Cytoplasmic Domain ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Microfilament Bundle ◽  
Focal Adhesion Formation ◽  
And Migration

Syndecan-4 is a widely expressed transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan which localizes to focal adhesions. Previous studies showed that the syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain can associate with and potentiate the activity of protein kinase C, which is required for focal adhesion formation. To examine further the role of syndecan-4 in cell adhesion, we expressed syndecan-4 cDNA constructs in CHO-K1 cells. Syndecan-2 transfection was used to confirm effects seen were specific for syndecan-4. Cells overexpressing full length syndecan-4 core protein exhibited a more flattened, fibroblastic morphology, with increased focal adhesion formation and decreased cell motility. Expression of a syndecan-4 core protein with either a partial or complete deletion of the cytoplasmic domain or of an antisense construct led to markedly decreased spreading and focal adhesion formation, a more epithelioid morphology, and decreased motility. Overexpression of syndecan-2 changed the adhesive phenotype, but did not markedly alter focal adhesion and microfilament bundle formation. The data suggest that syndecan-4 is a regulator of focal adhesion and stress fiber formation, and influences both morphology and migration.

α1 Integrin cytoplasmic domain is involved in focal adhesion formation via association with intracellular proteins

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemens LÖSTER ◽  
Dörte VOSSMEYER ◽  
Werner HOFMANN ◽  
Werner REUTTER ◽  
Kerstin DANKER
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cytoplasmic Domain ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Adhesion Receptors ◽  
Focal Adhesion Formation

Integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors consisting of α- and β-subunits capable of binding extracellular matrix molecules as well as other adhesion receptors on neighbouring cells. These interactions induce various signal transduction pathways in many cell types, leading to cytoskeletal reorganization, phosphorylation and induction of gene expression. Integrin ligation leads to cytoplasmic protein–protein interactions requiring both integrin cytoplasmic domains, and these domains are initiation points for focal adhesion formation and subsequent signal transduction cascades. In previous studies we have shown that the very short cytoplasmic α1 tail is required for post-ligand events, such as cell spreading as well as actin stress-fibre formation. In the present paper we report that cells lacking the cytoplasmic domain of the α1 integrin subunit are unable to form proper focal adhesions and that phosphorylation on tyrosine residues of focal adhesion components is reduced on α1β1-specific substrates. The α1 cytoplasmic sequence is a specific recognition site for focal adhesion components like paxillin, talin, α-actinin and pp125FAK. It seems to account for α1-specific signalling, since when peptides that mimic the cytoplasmic domain of α1 are transferred into cells, they influence α1β1-specific adhesion, presumably by competing for binding partners. For α1 integrin/protein binding, the conserved Lys-Ile-Gly-Phe-Phe-Lys-Arg motif and, in particular, the two lysine residues, are important.

scholarly journals Degraded Collagen Fragments Promote Rapid Disassembly of Smooth Muscle Focal Adhesions That Correlates with Cleavage of Pp125FAK, Paxillin, and Talin

1999 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. Carragher ◽  
Bodo Levkau ◽  
Russell Ross ◽  
Elaine W. Raines
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Domain ◽  
Type I ◽  
Focal Adhesion Complex ◽  
Adhesion Complex

Active matrix metalloproteinases and degraded collagen are observed in disease states, such as atherosclerosis. To examine whether degraded collagen fragments have distinct effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), collagenase-digested type I collagen was added to cultured human arterial SMC. After addition of collagen fragments, adherent SMC lose their focal adhesion structures and round up. Analysis of components of the focal adhesion complex demonstrates rapid cleavage of the focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK), paxillin, and talin. Cleavage is suppressed by inhibitors of the proteolytic enzyme, calpain I. In vitro translated pp125FAK is a substrate for both calpain I– and II–mediated processing. Mapping of the proteolytic cleavage fragments of pp125FAK predicts a dissociation of the focal adhesion targeting (FAT) sequence and second proline-rich domain from the tyrosine kinase domain and integrin-binding sequence. Coimmunoprecipitation studies confirm that the ability of pp125FAK to associate with paxillin, vinculin, and p130cas is significantly reduced in SMC treated with degraded collagen fragments. Further, there is a significant reduction in the association of intact pp125FAK with the cytoskeletal fraction, while pp125FAK cleavage fragments appear in the cytoplasm in SMC treated with degraded collagen fragments. Integrin-blocking studies indicate that integrin-mediated signals are involved in degraded collagen induction of pp125FAK cleavage. Thus, collagen fragments induce distinct integrin signals that lead to initiation of calpain-mediated cleavage of pp125FAK, paxillin, and talin and dissolution of the focal adhesion complex.

scholarly journals Specialized functional properties of the integrin alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Kassner ◽  
R Alon ◽  
T A Springer ◽  
M E Hemler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Cho Cells ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Cell Spreading ◽  
Cytoplasmic Domain ◽  
Positive Effects

For functional studies of the integrin alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain, we have expressed the following in K562 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: 1) wild-type alpha 4 (called X4C4), 2) two chimeric forms of alpha 4 (called X4C2 and X4C5) that contain the cytoplasmic domains of alpha 2 and alpha 5, respectively, and 3) alpha 4 with no cytoplasmic domain (X4C0). Cytoplasmic domain exchange had no effect on VLA-4-dependent static cell adhesion or tethering to VCAM-1 in conditions of shear flow. However, the presence of the alpha 2 or alpha 5 tails markedly enhanced VLA-4-dependent K562 cells spreading (X4C2 > X4C5 > X4C4 > X4C0), increased localization of VLA-4 into focal adhesion-like complexes in CHO cells (X4C2 > X4C5 > X4C4), and strengthened CHO and K562 cell resistance to detachment from VCAM-1 in conditions of shear flow (X4C2 > X4C5 > X4C4 > X4C0). Conversely, the alpha 4 tail supported greater VLA-4-dependent haptotactic and chemotactic cell migration. In the absence of any alpha tail (i.e., X4C0), robust focal adhesions were observed, even though cell spreading and adhesion strengthening were minimal. Thus, such focal adhesions may have relatively little functional importance, and should not be compared with focal adhesions formed when alpha tails are present. Together, these results indicate that all three alpha-chain tails exert defined positive effects (compared with no tail at all), but suggest that the alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain may be specialized to engage in weaker cytoskeletal interactions, leading to diminished focal adhesion formation, cell spreading, and adhesion strengthening, while augmenting cell migration and facilitating rolling under shear flow. These properties of the alpha 4 tail are consistent with the role of alpha 4 integrins on highly motile lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils.

scholarly journals Protein carbamylation is a hallmark of aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 1191-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laëtitia Gorisse ◽  
Christine Pietrement ◽  
Vincent Vuiblet ◽  
Christian E. H. Schmelzer ◽  
Martin Köhler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Type I ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Tissue Damages ◽  
Carboxymethyl Lysine ◽  
Tissue Alterations

Aging is a progressive process determined by genetic and acquired factors. Among the latter are the chemical reactions referred to as nonenzymatic posttranslational modifications (NEPTMs), such as glycoxidation, which are responsible for protein molecular aging. Carbamylation is a more recently described NEPTM that is caused by the nonenzymatic binding of isocyanate derived from urea dissociation or myeloperoxidase-mediated catabolism of thiocyanate to free amino groups of proteins. This modification is considered an adverse reaction, because it induces alterations of protein and cell properties. It has been shown that carbamylated proteins increase in plasma and tissues during chronic kidney disease and are associated with deleterious clinical outcomes, but nothing is known to date about tissue protein carbamylation during aging. To address this issue, we evaluated homocitrulline rate, the most characteristic carbamylation-derived product (CDP), over time in skin of mammalian species with different life expectancies. Our results show that carbamylation occurs throughout the whole lifespan and leads to tissue accumulation of carbamylated proteins. Because of their remarkably long half-life, matrix proteins, like type I collagen and elastin, are preferential targets. Interestingly, the accumulation rate of CDPs is inversely correlated with longevity, suggesting the occurrence of still unidentified protective mechanisms. In addition, homocitrulline accumulates more intensely than carboxymethyl-lysine, one of the major advanced glycation end products, suggesting the prominent role of carbamylation over glycoxidation reactions in age-related tissue alterations. Thus, protein carbamylation may be considered a hallmark of aging in mammalian species that may significantly contribute in the structural and functional tissue damages encountered during aging.

Intrinsic mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix affect the behavior of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (6) ◽  
pp. C1640-C1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirag B. Khatiwala ◽  
Shelly R. Peyton ◽  
Andrew J. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Collagen Density ◽  
Cells Cultured ◽  
In Cells

Mechanical cues present in the ECM have been hypothesized to provide instructive signals that dictate cell behavior. We probed this hypothesis in osteoblastic cells by culturing MC3T3-E1 cells on the surface of type I collagen-modified hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties and assessed their proliferation, migration, and differentiation. On gels functionalized with a low type I collagen density, MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on polystyrene proliferated twice as fast as those cultured on the softest substrate. Quantitative time-lapse video microscopic analysis revealed random motility speeds were significantly retarded on the softest substrate (0.25 ± 0.01 μm/min), in contrast to maximum speeds on polystyrene substrates (0.42 ± 0.04 μm/min). On gels functionalized with a high type I collagen density, migration speed exhibited a biphasic dependence on ECM compliance, with maximum speeds (0.34 ± 0.02 μm/min) observed on gels of intermediate stiffness, whereas minimum speeds (0.24 ± 0.03 μm/min) occurred on both the softest and most rigid (i.e., polystyrene) substrates. Immature focal contacts and a poorly organized actin cytoskeleton were observed in cells cultured on the softest substrates, whereas those on more rigid substrates assembled mature focal adhesions and robust actin stress fibers. In parallel, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity (assessed by detecting pY397-FAK) was influenced by compliance, with maximal activity occurring in cells cultured on polystyrene. Finally, mineral deposition by the MC3T3-E1 cells was also affected by ECM compliance, leading to the conclusion that altering ECM mechanical properties may influence a variety of MC3T3-E1 cell functions, and perhaps ultimately, their differentiated phenotype.

Activation of human keratinocyte migration on type I collagen and fibronectin

1990 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
M. Guo ◽  
K. Toda ◽  
F. Grinnell
Keyword(s):  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Keratinocyte Migration ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin ◽  
Cells Cultured

The purpose of our studies was to learn more about the regulation of keratinocyte migration. Human keratinocytes freshly harvested from skin were relatively immotile cells, whereas keratinocytes harvested from cell culture migrated on type I collagen or fibronectin as measured in a phagokinesis assay. Development of migratory competence by keratinocytes varied depending on the culture substratum. Cells cultured on plastic were activated more quickly and to a greater extent than cells cultured on dermis. The effect of the culture substratum on migratory competence was reversible. That is, cells cultured on plastic showed reduced activity after subculture on dermis. Cells cultured on dermis showed increased activity after subculture on plastic. Freshly isolated as well as cultured keratinocytes contained beta 1 integrin subunits, but only cultured cells were able to organize the subunits into focal adhesions. These adhesion sites also contained vinculin. In epidermal explants, beta 1 integrin subunits were mostly in basal cells, often more prominent between lateral cell borders than at the epidermal-dermal interface. In keratinocytes that migrated out of skin explants, there appeared to be an increase in the intensity of beta 1 integrin subunit immunostaining, possibly because of the change in shape of migrating cells. Also, beta 1 integrin subunits were found around and beneath migrating keratinocytes. These results show that changes in the distribution of beta 1 integrin subunits accompany development of migratory competence.

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