scholarly journals Hsp90 induces increased genomic instability toward DNA-damaging agents by tuning down RAD53 transcription

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (15) ◽  
pp. 2463-2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Khurana ◽  
Shyamasree Laskar ◽  
Mrinal K. Bhattacharyya ◽  
Sunanda Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Checkpoint Activation ◽  
Dna Damage Signaling ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
G1 Cells

It is well documented that elevated body temperature causes tumors to regress upon radiotherapy. However, how hyperthermia induces DNA damage sensitivity is not clear. We show that a transient heat shock and particularly the concomitant induction of Hsp90 lead to increased genomic instability under DNA-damaging conditions. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model eukaryote, we demonstrate that elevated levels of Hsp90 attenuate efficient DNA damage signaling and dictate preferential use of the potentially mutagenic double-strand break repair pathway. We show that under normal physiological conditions, Hsp90 negatively regulates RAD53 transcription to suppress DNA damage checkpoint activation. However, under DNA damaging conditions, RAD53 is derepressed, and the increased level of Rad53p triggers an efficient DNA damage response. A higher abundance of Hsp90 causes increased transcriptional repression on RAD53 in a dose-dependent manner, which could not be fully derepressed even in the presence of DNA damage. Accordingly, cells behave like a rad53 loss-of-function mutant and show reduced NHEJ efficiency, with a drastic failure to up-regulate RAD51 expression and manifestly faster accumulation of CLN1 and CLN2 in DNA-damaged G1, cells leading to premature release from checkpoint arrest. We further demonstrate that Rad53 overexpression is able to rescue all of the aforementioned deleterious effects caused by Hsp90 overproduction.

scholarly journals PARP1-dependent recruitment of the FBXL10-RNF68-RNF2 ubiquitin ligase to sites of DNA damage controls H2A.Z loading

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Rona ◽  
Domenico Roberti ◽  
Yandong Yin ◽  
Julia K Pagan ◽  
Harrison Homer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Genotoxic Stress ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Homologous Recombination Repair ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase Complex ◽  
Recombination Repair

The mammalian FBXL10-RNF68-RNF2 ubiquitin ligase complex (FRRUC) mono-ubiquitylates H2A at Lys119 to repress transcription in unstressed cells. We found that the FRRUC is rapidly and transiently recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP1- and TIMELESS-dependent manner to promote mono-ubiquitylation of H2A at Lys119, a local decrease of H2A levels, and an increase of H2A.Z incorporation. Both the FRRUC and H2A.Z promote transcriptional repression, double strand break signaling, and homologous recombination repair (HRR). All these events require both the presence and activity of the FRRUC. Moreover, the FRRUC and its activity are required for the proper recruitment of BMI1-RNF2 and MEL18-RNF2, two other ubiquitin ligases that mono-ubiquitylate Lys119 in H2A upon genotoxic stress. Notably, whereas H2A.Z is not required for H2A mono-ubiquitylation, impairment of the latter results in the inhibition of H2A.Z incorporation. We propose that the recruitment of the FRRUC represents an early and critical regulatory step in HRR.

scholarly journals Two redundant ubiquitin-dependent pathways of BRCA1 localization to DNA damage sites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Sherker ◽  
Natasha Chaudhary ◽  
Salomé Adam ◽  
Sylvie M Noordermeer ◽  
Amélie Fradet-Turcotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Ring Domain ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Histone H2a ◽  
Histone H4 ◽  
Brca1 Protein ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
Dna Double Strand Break ◽  
Novel Strategy

The tumor suppressor BRCA1 accumulates at sites of DNA damage in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. In this work, we revisit the role of the ubiquitin-binding protein RAP80 in BRCA1 recruitment to damaged chromatin. We found that RAP80, or the phosphopeptide-binding residues in the BRCA1 BRCT domains, act redundantly with the BRCA1 RING domain to promote BRCA1 recruitment to DNA double-strand break sites. We show that that RNF8 E3 ubiquitin ligase acts upstream of both the RAP80- and RING-dependent activities whereas RNF168 acts uniquely upstream of the RING domain. The function of the RING domain in BRCA1 recruitment is not solely linked to its role in mediating an interaction with BARD1 since RING mutations that do not impact BARD1 interaction, such as the E2-binding deficient Ile26Ala (I26A) mutation, produce a BRCA1 protein unable to accumulate at DNA damage sites in the absence of RAP80. Cells that combine the BRCA1 I26A mutation and mutations that disable the RAP80-BRCA1 interaction are deficient in RAD51 filament formation and are hypersensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition. Our results suggest that in the absence of RAP80, the BRCA1 E3 ligase activity is necessary for the recognition of unmethylated histone H4 Lys20 and histone H2A Lys13/Lys15 ubiquitylation by BARD1 although we cannot rule out the possibility that the RING-E2 complex itself may facilitate ubiquitylated nucleosome recognition in other ways. Finally, given that tumors expressing RING-less BRCA1 isoforms readily acquire resistance to therapy, this work suggests that targeting RAP80, or its interaction with BRCA1, could represent a novel strategy for restoring sensitivity of such tumors to DNA damaging agents.

scholarly journals Actin-Related Protein 6 (Arp6) Influences Double-Strand Break Repair in Yeast

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-238
Author(s):  
Mohsen Hooshyar ◽  
Daniel Burnside ◽  
Maryam Hajikarimlou ◽  
Katayoun Omidi ◽  
Alexander Jesso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Dna Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Dsb Repair ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
Repair Efficiency ◽  
Chromosomal Breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious form of DNA damage and are repaired through non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Repair initiation, regulation and communication with signaling pathways require several histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling complexes. In budding yeast, this involves three primary complexes: INO80-C, which is primarily associated with HR, SWR1-C, which promotes NHEJ, and RSC-C, which is involved in both pathways as well as the general DNA damage response. Here we identify ARP6 as a factor involved in DSB repair through an RSC-C-related pathway. The loss of ARP6 significantly reduces the NHEJ repair efficiency of linearized plasmids with cohesive ends, impairs the repair of chromosomal breaks, and sensitizes cells to DNA-damaging agents. Genetic interaction analysis indicates that ARP6, MRE11 and RSC-C function within the same pathway, and the overexpression of ARP6 rescues rsc2∆ and mre11∆ sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Double mutants of ARP6, and members of the INO80 and SWR1 complexes, cause a significant reduction in repair efficiency, suggesting that ARP6 functions independently of SWR1-C and INO80-C. These findings support a novel role for ARP6 in DSB repair that is independent of the SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex, through an apparent RSC-C and MRE11-associated DNA repair pathway.

scholarly journals Eukaryotic clamp loaders and unloaders in the maintenance of genome stability

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1948-1958
Author(s):  
Kyoo-young Lee ◽  
Su Hyung Park
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Checkpoint Activation ◽  
Sliding Clamp ◽  
Clamp Loaders ◽  
Factor C

AbstractEukaryotic sliding clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays a critical role as a processivity factor for DNA polymerases and as a binding and acting platform for many proteins. The ring-shaped PCNA homotrimer and the DNA damage checkpoint clamp 9-1-1 are loaded onto DNA by clamp loaders. PCNA can be loaded by the pentameric replication factor C (RFC) complex and the CTF18-RFC-like complex (RLC) in vitro. In cells, each complex loads PCNA for different purposes; RFC-loaded PCNA is essential for DNA replication, while CTF18-RLC-loaded PCNA participates in cohesion establishment and checkpoint activation. After completing its tasks, PCNA is unloaded by ATAD5 (Elg1 in yeast)-RLC. The 9-1-1 clamp is loaded at DNA damage sites by RAD17 (Rad24 in yeast)-RLC. All five RFC complex components, but none of the three large subunits of RLC, CTF18, ATAD5, or RAD17, are essential for cell survival; however, deficiency of the three RLC proteins leads to genomic instability. In this review, we describe recent findings that contribute to the understanding of the basic roles of the RFC complex and RLCs and how genomic instability due to deficiency of the three RLCs is linked to the molecular and cellular activity of RLC, particularly focusing on ATAD5 (Elg1).

scholarly journals Germ granule dysfunction is a hallmark and mirror of Piwi mutant sterility

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Spichal ◽  
Bree Heestand ◽  
Katherine Kretovich Billmyre ◽  
Stephen Frenk ◽  
Craig C. Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Environmental Restoration ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Dna Damage Signaling ◽  
Multiple Phenotypes ◽  
Granule Structure ◽  
Germ Granules ◽  
Late Generation

AbstractIn several species, Piwi/piRNA genome silencing defects cause immediate sterility that correlates with transposon expression and transposon-induced genomic instability. In C. elegans, mutations in the Piwi-related gene (prg-1) and other piRNA deficient mutants cause a transgenerational decline in fertility over a period of several generations. Here we show that the sterility of late generation piRNA mutants correlates poorly with increases in DNA damage signaling. Instead, sterile individuals consistently exhibit altered perinuclear germ granules. We show that disruption of germ granules does not activate transposon expression but induces multiple phenotypes found in sterile prg-1 pathway mutants. Furthermore, loss of the germ granule component pgl-1 enhances prg-1 mutant infertility. Environmental restoration of germ granule function for sterile pgl-1 mutants restores their fertility. We propose that Piwi mutant sterility is a reproductive arrest phenotype that is characterized by perturbed germ granule structure and is phenocopied by germ granule dysfunction, independent of genomic instability.

scholarly journals Involvement of POLA2 in Double Strand Break Repair and Genotoxic Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4245
Author(s):  
Tuyen T. Dang ◽  
Julio C. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Genotoxic Stress ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Double Strand Break ◽  
Double Strand Break Repair ◽  
Dsb Repair ◽  
Dna Polymerase Alpha ◽  
Break Repair

Cellular survival is dependent on the efficient replication and transmission of genomic information. DNA damage can be introduced into the genome by several different methods, one being the act of DNA replication. Replication is a potent source of DNA damage and genomic instability, especially through the formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). DNA polymerase alpha is responsible for replication initiation. One subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha replication machinery is POLA2. Given the connection between replication and genomic instability, we decided to examine the role of POLA2 in DSB repair, as little is known about this topic. We found that loss of POLA2 leads to an increase in spontaneous DSB formation. Loss of POLA2 also slows DSB repair kinetics after treatment with etoposide and inhibits both of the major double strand break repair pathways: non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination. In addition, loss of POLA2 leads to increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and PARP1 inhibition. Lastly, POLA2 expression is elevated in glioblastoma multiforme tumors and correlates with poor overall patient survival. These data demonstrate a role for POLA2 in DSB repair and resistance to genotoxic stress.

scholarly journals Yeast Rpn4 Links the Proteasome and DNA Repair via RAD52 Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8097
Author(s):  
Daria S. Spasskaya ◽  
Nonna I. Nadolinskaia ◽  
Vera V. Tutyaeva ◽  
Yuriy P. Lysov ◽  
Vadim L. Karpov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Proteasome Inhibition ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dna Repair Genes ◽  
Damage Resistance ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Repair Genes

Environmental and intracellular factors often damage DNA, but multiple DNA repair pathways maintain genome integrity. In yeast, the 26S proteasome and its transcriptional regulator and substrate Rpn4 are involved in DNA damage resistance. Paradoxically, while proteasome dysfunction may induce hyper-resistance to DNA-damaging agents, Rpn4 malfunction sensitizes yeasts to these agents. Previously, we proposed that proteasome inhibition causes Rpn4 stabilization followed by the upregulation of Rpn4-dependent DNA repair genes and pathways. Here, we aimed to elucidate the key Rpn4 targets responsible for DNA damage hyper-resistance in proteasome mutants. We impaired the Rpn4-mediated regulation of candidate genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and tested the sensitivity of mutant strains to 4-NQO, MMS and zeocin. We found that the separate or simultaneous deregulation of 19S or 20S proteasome subcomplexes induced MAG1, DDI1, RAD23 and RAD52 in an Rpn4-dependent manner. Deregulation of RAD23, DDI1 and RAD52 sensitized yeast to DNA damage. Genetic, epigenetic or dihydrocoumarin-mediated RAD52 repression restored the sensitivity of the proteasome mutants to DNA damage. Our results suggest that the Rpn4-mediated overexpression of DNA repair genes, especially RAD52, defines the DNA damage hyper-resistant phenotype of proteasome mutants. The developed yeast model is useful for characterizing drugs that reverse the DNA damage hyper-resistance phenotypes of cancers.

scholarly journals Microtubule dynamics drive enhanced chromatin motion and mobilize telomeres in response to DNA damage

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1701-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Lawrimore ◽  
Timothy M. Barry ◽  
Raymond M. Barry ◽  
Alyssa C. York ◽  
Brandon Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Single Particle Tracking ◽  
Microtubule Dynamics ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
Polymer Models ◽  
Chromosomal Loci ◽  
Microtubule Function

Chromatin exhibits increased mobility on DNA damage, but the biophysical basis for this behavior remains unknown. To explore the mechanisms that drive DNA damage–induced chromosome mobility, we use single-particle tracking of tagged chromosomal loci during interphase in live yeast cells together with polymer models of chromatin chains. Telomeres become mobilized from sites on the nuclear envelope and the pericentromere expands after exposure to DNA-damaging agents. The magnitude of chromatin mobility induced by a single double-strand break requires active microtubule function. These findings reveal how relaxation of external tethers to the nuclear envelope and internal chromatin–chromatin tethers, together with microtubule dynamics, can mobilize the genome in response to DNA damage.

scholarly journals Requirement for the Phospho-H2AX Binding Module of Crb2 in Double-Strand Break Targeting and Checkpoint Activation

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (19) ◽  
pp. 4722-4731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Sanders ◽  
Ahmad R. Arida ◽  
Funita P. Phan
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Histone Modification ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Checkpoint Control ◽  
Ionizing Irradiation ◽  
Checkpoint Activation ◽  
Damage Response

ABSTRACT Activation of DNA damage checkpoints requires the rapid accumulation of numerous factors to sites of genomic lesions, and deciphering the mechanisms of this targeting is central to our understanding of DNA damage response. Histone modification has recently emerged as a critical element for the correct localization of damage response proteins, and one key player in this context is the fission yeast checkpoint mediator Crb2. Accumulation of Crb2 at ionizing irradiation-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires two distinct histone marks, dimethylated H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2) and phosphorylated H2AX (pH2AX). A tandem tudor motif in Crb2 directly binds H4K20me2, and this interaction is required for DSB targeting and checkpoint activation. Similarly, pH2AX is required for Crb2 localization to DSBs and checkpoint control. Crb2 can directly bind pH2AX through a pair of C-terminal BRCT repeats, but the functional significance of this binding has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that loss of its pH2AX-binding activity severely impairs the ability of Crb2 to accumulate at ionizing irradiation-induced DSBs, compromises checkpoint signaling, and disrupts checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest. These impairments are similar to that reported for abolition of pH2AX or mutation of the H4K20me2-binding tudor motif of Crb2. Intriguingly, a combined ablation of its two histone modification binding modules yields a strikingly additive reduction in Crb2 activity. These observations argue that binding of the Crb2 BRCT repeats to pH2AX is critical for checkpoint activity and provide new insight into the mechanisms of chromatin-mediated genome stability.

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