scholarly journals The Perceived Opportunity to Avoid Pain Paradoxically Increases Pain-Related Fear Through Increased Threat Appraisals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M van Vliet ◽  
Ann Meulders ◽  
Linda M G Vancleef ◽  
Johan W S Vlaeyen
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fear Avoidance ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Heat Stimulus ◽  
Threat Appraisals ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract Background Although pain-related avoidance is mainly intended to reduce the accompanying anticipatory fear, avoidance behavior may paradoxically increase fear when a previous avoidance response is no longer available, suggesting that there is a bidirectional relationship between pain-related fear and avoidance. Purpose We hypothesized that avoidance can serve as a source of information that fuels irrational pain-related threat appraisals, which, in turn, increases pain-related fear. Methods Participants (N = 66) were exposed to a painful heat stimulus and randomly assigned to the avoidance or control group. They were instructed to avoid the full heat intensity by pressing a stop button in the presence of a stop cue. Only avoidance group participants received a stop cue and were allowed to press the stop button, while control group participants received the same instructions but never had the opportunity to avoid the full heat intensity. In reality and unknown to participants, the intensity and duration of the heat stimulus was independent of the avoidance response. In the subsequent test phase, the avoidance response was unavailable for both groups. We measured pain-related fear, threat appraisals/harmfulness, and pain intensity. Results In line with our expectations, pain-related fear levels were higher when the avoidance response was no longer available compared to those when the avoidance response was available. Increased threat appraisals mediated the relationship between avoidance behavior and increased pain-related fear. Conclusions The perceived opportunity to avoid increased pain-related fear through threat appraisals, suggesting a more complicated relationship between pain-related fear, threat appraisals, and avoidance behavior than the unidirectional relationships proposed in the fear-avoidance model. Clinical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals A Bidirectional Relationship between Conceptual Organization and Word Learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Kaefer ◽  
Susan B. Neuman
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conceptual Organization ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Taxonomic Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

This study explores the relationship between word learning and conceptual organization for preschool-aged children. We proposed a bidirectional model in which increases in word learning lead to increases in taxonomic organization, which, in turn, leads to further increases in word learning. In order to examine this model, we recruited 104 4-year olds from Head Start classrooms; 52 children participated in a two-week training program, and 52 children were in a control group. Results indicated that children in the training program learned more words and were more likely to sort taxonomically than children in the control condition. Furthermore, the number of words learned over the training period predicted the extent to which children categorized taxonomically. Additionally, this ability to categorize taxonomically predicted the number of words learned outside the training program, over and above the number of words learned in the program. These results suggest a bi-directional relationship between conceptual organization and word learning.

scholarly journals A Controlled Examination of Medical and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Low Back Pain in Combination With Widespread Musculoskeletal Pain

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 786-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Friedrich ◽  
Julia Hahne ◽  
Florian Wepner
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Fear Avoidance

BackgroundLittle is known about chronic low back pain (CLBP) in combination with widespread musculoskeletal pain (WMP).ObjectiveThis study examined factors that may be common to these conditions, with the objective of detecting factors that could improve the course of these diseases.DesignThis was a prospective case control study.Patients and InterventionA group of patients with CLBP and WMP (CLBP+WMP group, n=97) was compared with a group of individuals who were pain-free and without a history of musculoskeletal problems (control group, n=97) and with a group of patients with CLBP but without WMP (CLBP-only group, n=52). The mean age of the participants was 42.9 years (SD=8.74); 76% were women, and 24% were men.MeasurementsA total of 74 variables were measured, including sociodemographic, physical, and psychosocial variables. After univariate examination for group differences and analyses of variables available for all 3 groups, logistic regression on selected factors was performed. The α level was set at .05, but was adjusted to avoid randomly significant results.ResultsFor a number of variables, significant differences among the 3 groups were observed. For regression model 1 for the CLBP+WMP and control groups, 4 out of 9 variables showed significant likelihood tests: income (lower in the WMP group), depression, anxiety, and fear-avoidance behavior. For regression model 2, 2 out of 13 variables showed significant likelihood tests: endurance capacity (more in the CLBP+WMP group) and balance capability (worse in the CLBP+WMP group). The models predicted at least 91.2% of all cases to the correct group. The regression analysis regarding the CLBP+WMP and CLBP-only groups predicted 86.7% of all cases to the correct group. Three out of 10 variables showed significant likelihood tests: high disability, fear-avoidance behavior, and number of treatments.LimitationsSome variables in testing the patients with WMP and the individuals who were pain-free were not used with the patients with CLBP only.ConclusionsPatients with CLBP and WMP should be examined for indicated physical and psychosocial factors. Therapeutic management should consider them in the early stage of the disease. These findings also might apply to patients with fibromyalgia or myofascial pain.

Adolescents’ self-mutilation - Relationship with dependent behaviour

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bolognini ◽  
B. Plancherel ◽  
J. Laget ◽  
P. Stéphan ◽  
O. Halfon
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study, which was carried out in the French-speacking part of Switzerland, was to examine the relationship between suicide attempts and self-mutilation by adolescents and young adults. The population, aged 14-25 years (N = 308), included a clinical sample of dependent subjects (drug abuse and eating disorders) compared to a control sample. On the basis of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview ( Sheehan et al., 1998 ), DSM-IV criteria were used for the inclusion of the clinical population. The results concerning the occurrence of suicide attempts as well as on self-mutilation confirm most of the hypotheses postulated: suicidal attempts and self-mutilation were more common in the clinical group compared to the control group, and there was a correlation between suicide attempts and self-mutilation. However, there was only a partial overlap, attesting that suicide and self-harm might correspond to two different types of behaviour.

Electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghazali Ismail ◽  
Arlinah Abd Rashid ◽  
Azlina Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship and causality direction between electricity consumption and economic growth is an important issue in the fields of energy economics and policies towards energy use. Extensive literatures has discussed the issue, but the array of findings provides anything but consensus on either the existence of relations or direction of causality between the variables. This study extends research in this area by studying the long-run and causal relations between economic growth, electricity consumption, labour and capital based on the neo-classical one sector aggregate production technology mode using data of electricity consumption and real GDP for ASEAN from the year 1983 to 2012. The analysis is conducted using advanced panel estimation approaches and found no causality in the short run while in the long-run, the results indicate that there are bidirectional relationship among variables. This study provides supplementary evidences of relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN.

Impact of Physical Activity on the Incidence of Vascular Diseases in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1549
Author(s):  
Babak Pezeshki ◽  
Ehsan Bahramali ◽  
Amir Ansari ◽  
Aliasghar Karimi ◽  
Mojtaba Frajam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease worldwide and has many complications. The vascular events are the major complication of DM that have an important effect on mortality and disability. The physical activity (PA) enhances the vascular function by several pathways. The aim of this study was to evaluation of the relationship between PA and vascular diseases in patients with DM.Materials and Methods: This research was performed as the case-control study that was extracted from a prospective epidemiological research study in Iran (PERSIAN). The patients with type 2 DM more than six months defined as case group and the non-DM subjects in control group with ratio 1:2, and both groups were matched in the term of age and sex. The MET score was used to evaluate the level of PA and blood glucose, lipid profile, body mass index, overweight, dyslipidemia, glomerular filtration rate, myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, and stroke.Results: Overall, 1242 patients with DM were extracted, and 2484 non-diabetic subjects were investigated. In the case group, 355(28.6 %) and 887(71.4%) were men and women, respectively, the and 710 (28.6%) men and 1774(71.4%) women in control group. The mean MET score was 30 and 40.97 in the DM and non-DM groups, respectively (P˂0.001). The frequency of MI, stroke, and cardiac ischemia were 44 (3.5%), 37 (3%), and 267 (21.5%), respectively in DM group, and 54 (2.2%), 43 (1.7%), and 389 (15.7%), respectively in non-DM group.Conclusion: The incidence of vascular events associated with PA level in patients with DM and adherence to regular PA reduce the vascular events and DM complications. [GMJ.2019;inpress:e1549]

An Analysis of Web Home Page Disclosure Practices of Top Public and Private Indian Banks

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandeep Kaur ◽  
Manpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Home Page ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Communication Device ◽  
Indian Banks ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Web

Internet is a very powerful communication device to disclose financial and non-financial information. Almost every company today maintains its website and disseminates their information voluntarily. Internet is very exciting medium to disclose information in the form of presentation. It has become most frequently used source of information. This paper tries to examine the web home page disclosure practices of top public and private Indian banks and try to find out the relationship between the disclosure score and size of bank by using the sample of 20 banks which constitute of top public and private sector banks. The results show that there is positive relationship between the disclosure score and size of bank.

The Role of Normative Information in Judgments of Others

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Average Person ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

When forming impressions of an other’s personality, people often rely on information not directly related to the individual at hand. One source of information that can influence people’s impressions of others is the personality of the average person (i.e., normative profile). This relationship between the normative profile and an impression is called normative accuracy or normativity. In this chapter, you will learn about the average personality, why it is important, the relationship to social desirability and what it means to have a normative impression, as well as correlates and moderators of normativity. More broadly, you will learn about current research and views regarding the normative profile and normative impressions as well as concrete steps for incorporating this approach into your future research on interpersonal perception.

Impact of markers of endothelial injury and hypercoagulability on systemic lupus erythematosus

Lupus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190
Author(s):  
W Batista Cicarini ◽  
R C Figueiredo Duarte ◽  
K Silvestre Ferreira ◽  
C de Mello Gomes Loures ◽  
R Vargas Consoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Endothelial Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

We have explored the relationship between possible hemostatic changes and clinical manifestation of the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as a function of greater or lesser disease activity according to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2K) criteria. Endothelial injury and hypercoagulability were investigated in patients with SLE by measuring thrombomodulin (TM), D-dimer (DDi) and thrombin generation (TG) potential. A total of 90 participants were distributed into three groups: 1) women with SLE presenting with low disease activity (laSLE) (SLEDAI-2K ≤ 4), 2) women with SLE presenting with moderate to high disease activity (mhaSLE) (SLEDAI-2K > 4), and 3) a control group comprising healthy women. Levels of TM and DDi were higher both in the laSLE and mhaSLE groups compared to controls and in mhaSLE compared to the laSLE group. With respect to TG assay, lagtime and endogen thrombin potential, low concentrations of tissue factor provided the best results for discrimination among groups. Analysis of these data allow us to conclude that TM, DDi and TG are potentially useful markers for discriminating patients with very active from those with lower active disease. Higher SLE activity may cause endothelial injury, resulting in higher TG and consequently a hypercoagulability state underlying the picture of thrombosis common in this inflammatory disease.

scholarly journals Urinary bisphenol A in women with polycystic ovary syndrome – a possible suppressive effect on steroidogenesis?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zora Lazúrová ◽  
Jana Figurová ◽  
Beáta Hubková ◽  
Jana Mašlanková ◽  
Ivica Lazúrová
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Ovarian Steroidogenesis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives There is a growing evidence indicating an impact of endocrine distrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) on human reproduction. Its higher levels in serum or urine have been documented in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), however the relationship to ovarian steroidogenesis remains unclear. Aim of the study was to compare urinary BPA (U-BPA) concentrations among PCOS women and control group. Second aim was to assess the relationship of U-BPA to ovarian steroidogenesis in the group with PCOS. Methods Eighty six Caucasian women (age 28.5 ± 5.1 years) diagnosed with PCOS and 32 controls of age 24.9 ± 4.4 years were included in the study. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters and steroid hormones. U-BPA was measured in the morning urine sample using high pressure liquid chromatography. Results PCOS women had significantly higher U-BPA as compared with control group (p=0.0001). Those with high levels of U-BPA (U-BPA ≥2.14 ug/g creatinine) demonstrated higher serum insulin (p=0.029) and HOMA IR (p=0.037), lower serum estrone (p=0.05), estradiol (p=0.0126), FSH (p=0.0056), and FAI (p=0.0088), as compared with low-BPA group (U- BPA <2.14 ug/g creatinine). In PCOS women, U-BPA positively correlated with age (p=0.0026; R2=0.17), negatively with estradiol (p=0.0001, R2=0.5), testosterone (p=0.0078, R2=0.15), free-testosterone (p=0.0094, R2=0.12) and FAI (p=0.0003, R2=0.32), respectively. Conclusions PCOS women have significantly higher U-BPA concentrations than healthy controls. U-BPA positively correlates with age and negatively with ovarian steroid hormones suggesting a possible suppressive effect of bisphenol A on ovarian steroidogenesis.

scholarly journals Bidirectional Relationship Between Subjective Age and Frailty: Findings From the NHATS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 271-271
Author(s):  
Yuxiao Li ◽  
Minhui Liu ◽  
Christina Miyawaki ◽  
Xiaocao Sun ◽  
Tianxue Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Frailty is a clinical syndrome that becomes increasingly common as people age. Subjective age refers to how young or old individuals experience themselves to be. It is associated with many risk factors of frailty, such as increased depression, worse cognitive function, and poorer psychological wellbeing. In this study, we examined the relationship between subjective age and frailty using the 2011-2015 waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Participants were community-dwelling older adults without frailty in the initial wave (N=1,165). Subjective age was measured by asking participants, “What age do you feel most of the time?” Based on the Fried five phenotypic criteria: exhaustion, unintentional weight loss, low physical activity, slow gait, and weak grip strength, frailty was categorized into robust=0, pre-frail=1 or 2; frail=3 or more criteria met. Participants were, on average, 74.1±6.5 years old, female (52%), and non-Hispanic White (81%). Eighty-five percent of the participants felt younger, and 3% felt older than their chronological age, but 41% of them were pre-frail/frail. Generalized estimating equations revealed that an “older” subjective age predicted a higher likelihood of pre-frailty and frailty (OR, 95%CI= 1.01, 1.01-1.02). In contrast, frailty predicted an “older” subjective age (OR, 95%CI= 2.97, 1.65-5.35) adjusting for demographics and health conditions. These findings suggest a bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty. Older people who feel younger than their chronological age are at reduced risk of becoming pre-frail/frail. Intervention programs to delay frailty progression should include strategies that may help older adults perceive a younger subjective age.

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