Soft Law, Doctrinal Development, and the General Comments of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Author(s):  
Sabrina Bruno

Climate change is a financial factor that carries with it risks and opportunities for companies. To support boards of directors of companies belonging to all jurisdictions, the World Economic Forum issued in January 2019 eight Principlescontaining both theoretical and practical provisions on: climate accountability, competence, governance, management, disclosure and dialogue. The paper analyses each Principle to understand scope and managerial consequences for boards and to evaluate whether the legal distinctions, among the various jurisdictions, may undermine the application of the Principles or, by contrast, despite the differences the Principles may be a useful and effective guidance to drive boards' of directors' conduct around the world in handling climate change challenges. Five jurisdictions are taken into consideration for this comparative analysis: Europe (and UK), US, Australia, South Africa and Canada. The conclusion is that the WEF Principles, as soft law, is the best possible instrument to address boards of directors of worldwide companies, harmonise their conduct and effectively help facing such global emergency.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Martin Van Bruinessen

Ali Ezzatyar, The Last Mufti of Iranian Kurdistan: Ethnic and Religious Implications in the Greater Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. xv + 246 pp., (ISBN 978-1-137-56525-9 hardback).For a brief period in 1979, when the Kurds had begun confronting Iran’s new Islamic revolutionary regime and were voicing demands for autonomy and cultural rights, Ahmad Moftizadeh was one of the most powerful men in Iranian Kurdistan. He was the only Kurdish leader who shared the new regime’s conviction that a just social and political order could be established on the basis of Islamic principles. The other Kurdish movements were firmly secular, even though many of their supporters were personally pious Muslims.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-318
Author(s):  
Roman Girma Teshome

The effectiveness of human rights adjudicative procedures partly, if not most importantly, hinges upon the adequacy of the remedies they grant and the implementation of those remedies. This assertion also holds water with regard to the international and regional monitoring bodies established to receive individual complaints related to economic, social and cultural rights (hereinafter ‘ESC rights’ or ‘socio-economic rights’). Remedies can serve two major functions: they are meant, first, to rectify the pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage sustained by the particular victim, and second, to resolve systematic problems existing in the state machinery in order to ensure the non-repetition of the act. Hence, the role of remedies is not confined to correcting the past but also shaping the future by providing reforming measures a state has to undertake. The adequacy of remedies awarded by international and regional human rights bodies is also assessed based on these two benchmarks. The present article examines these issues in relation to individual complaint procedures that deal with the violation of ESC rights, with particular reference to the case laws of the three jurisdictions selected for this work, i.e. the United Nations, Inter-American and African Human Rights Systems.


2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  

Der Hypothekarkredit zu wohnungswirtschaftlichen Zwecken hat zweifelsohne das Gepräge eines Konsumentenkredits. Aber er ist ein Konsumentenkredit eigener Art: Größe des Kreditvolumens, Langfristigkeit und (zumindest beim pfandbriefrefinanzierten Kredit) Refinanzierungstechnik unterscheiden ihn deutlich von anderen Verbraucherkrediten. Er ist darum nicht Gegenstand der Verbraucherkreditrichtlinie von 1987 gewesen und auch im deutschen Verbraucherkreditgesetz nur ausschnittweise geregelt. Der Entwurf einer eigenen Hypothekarkreditrichtlinie ist schon Anfang der achtziger fahre früh auf der Strecke geblieben.Die nachstehend abgedruckte Empfehlung der Kommission ist die erste Wiederannäherung der EU an die Thematik. Regelungstechnisch handelt es sich um einen von und mit der Kreditwirtschaft ausgehandelten „code of conduct“, der, solange die Realkreditinstitute sich kodexkonform verhalten, den Erlass verbindlicher Rechtsvorschriften erübrigen soll. Die Empfehlung macht damit Ernst mit der im „Aktionsplan Finanzdienstleistungen“ (abgedruckt in: ZBB 1999, 254) verkündeten Absicht, künftig weniger auf schwerfällige und unflexible Richtliniengesetzgebung und stattdessen auf Rahmenregelungen oder auch (wie hier) auf „soft law“ zu setzen, welches mit den beteiligten Wirtschaftskreisen abgestimmt wird. Tradition hat inzwischen auch die Methode, an Stelle der Statuierung materieller Leistungsstandards dem Verbraucher Konditionentransparenz durch vorvertragliche Information zu verschaffen. Im konkreten Detail wird man in den Empfehlungen wenig finden, was nicht entweder zu den Pflichtangaben nach §4 VerbrKrG zählt oder längst schon deutsche AGB-Rechtsprechung zum Hypothekarkredit oder eingebürgerte AGB-Praxis der Realkreditgeber ist. Im Hinblick auf das Risiko vorfälliger Tilgung von Festzinskrediten wird man immerhin begrüßen, daß dem Kreditnehmer die Unterschiede zwischen variablem und Festzinskredit bzw. möglichen Mischformen (Abschnittfinanzierung) klar zu machen und er über die (unter Umständen eingeschränkte) Möglichkeit vorfälliger Tilgung zu informieren ist. Diese Beratung wird den Instituten nicht leichtfallen, falls der Gesetzgeber tatsächlich die verunglückte BGH-Rechtsprechung zu Grund und Grenzen der Vorfälligkeitstilgung im BGB festschreibt (BGH ZIP 1997, 1641 = ZflR 1997, 596 = BGHZ 136, 161, dazu EWiR 1997, 921 (Medicus); jetzt §487 Abs. 2 BGB in der Fassung des „konsolidierten Diskussionsentwurfs“ eines Schuldrechtsmodernisierungsgesetzes vom Februar 2001).


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Gabriela Belova ◽  
Stanislav Pavlov

AbstractThe last decades present a significant development of the economic, social and cultural rights and specifically, the right to health. Until 2000, the right to health has not been interpreted officially. By providing international standards, General Comment No.14 on the right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health has led to wider agreement that the right to health includes the social determinants of health such as access to various conditions, services, goods or facilities that are crucial for its implementation. The Reports of the Special Rapporteur on the right to health within the UN human rights system have contributed to the process of gaining the greater clarity about the right to health. It is obvious that achieving the highest attainable level of health depends on the principle of progressive implementation and the availability of the necessary health resources. The possibility individual complaints to be considered by the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights was introduced with the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, entered into force in 2013.


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