The Use of Necessitas Non Habet Legem and Wederspanningheid in Law Enforcement for Covid-19 Vaccination in Indonesia

The majority of scientific research in the world agrees that vaccination is a vital instrument that aims to solve the problem of the Covid-19 pandemic. In achieving this goal, the government is trying to ensure that vaccinations run as they should. Even though it is regulated in laws and regulations, the enforcement of vaccination law is not easy to implement. This article aims to examine the formulation of the legal basis that can ensure effective enforcement of vaccination law in Indonesia. By using normative legal research, this study aims to answer several problems. First, is vaccination a right or obligation for every citizen? Second, what are the legal bases that can be used to enforce the vaccination law in Indonesia? Third, what is the state’s responsibility for adverse events following vaccination in return for the vaccination obligation? This article provides a view that the principle of emergency reason does not know the law (necessitas non habet legem) can be an indicator of a shift in vaccination status which was originally only a right to become obligation. In addition, the wederspanningheid article in the Criminal Code (KUHP) regarding resistance to officers carrying out state obligations can be the legal basis for enforcing vaccination law. Furthermore, the enforcement of vaccination law must also go hand in hand with the state’s responsibility for adverse events following vaccination. Responsibilities can be in the form of vaccine testing, treatment, care, and court lawsuits if there is a default or unlawful act.

Regulation of The Provision of Covid-19 Vaccination in Indonesia as The Implementation of State Obligations in line with The Indonesian Constitution

This study aims to provide a clear picture of the steps (efforts) of the government of the Republic of Indonesia to provide vaccines to its people evenly and free of charge according to the standards or procedures in the Health Law which is a derivative of the constitutional mandate of the Republic of Indonesia, the research method uses normative juridical research that combines the rule of law. With law enforcement which is a regulation of the Indonesian government, the results of the study provide a perspective that various ways have been attempted by the Indonesian government to overcome the Covid-19 virus pandemic, vaccines are a continuous hope to increase immunity and immunity of community groups which will certainly have a positive impact with the release of the Indonesian state from health threats and a spike in the increase in cases during the global pandemic. The conclusion of this study is that the Indonesian government has made intensive and accurate efforts to protect citizens and build group immunity which of course has an impact on the positive possibility that the Indonesian state and nation can get out of worries due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Transnational Corporations and Human Rights

The problem of the different ways transnational corporations (TNCs) are held responsible for their violations of human rights standards has its own, long history. All the academic and legal efforts to date that have sought to clarify the proper grounds for effective remedies for wrongs that have been committed, have however failed to overcome the substantive obstacles and objections. Against such a complicated background the Authors present some reflections regarding the question of whether there is any possibility to take a step forward. Bearing in mind the powerful position of the TNCs, the Authors try to argue that – to some extent – mechanisms connected to State obligations in the field of human rights could be effective, if properly used, in relation to this type of corporate entity. Moreover, the absence of legally binding international rules (i.e. hard law) in the field under discussion is undoubtedly a missing factor for success. The article concludes that as long as the obligations and responsibilities of TNCs are not covered by legally binding and effectively enforced international rules, it will be impossible to cut this “Gordian knot”.

Enfoque de derechos humanos, garantía y políticas públicas

El presente trabajo estudia al Enfoque de Derechos Humanos a partir de sus mecanismos de garantía, dentro de los cuales hallamos a las políticas públicas. Es un estudio cualitativo que aplica el método documental, a través del cual se concluye que el Enfoque antes citado representa un elemento transformador y un avance de carácter sustancial para la construcción de los programas de política pública, en tanto que pone como centro del diseño, implementación y evaluación de los mismos a los derechos humanos y a las personas como sus titulares, poniendo énfasis en las obligaciones que los Estados han adquirido con la firma y ratificación de tratados internacionales, de tal manera que las políticas públicas se desarrollan como medios o mecanismos de satisfacción de derechos, y no solo como mecanismos para la solución de problemas. Human rights approach, guarantee and public policies. Concepts and theory The objective of this work is to analyze the Human Rights Approach from the concepts of guarantee and public policies. The above to identify its most important elements, actors, as well as the process of linking with public policy. It is a qualitative study that applies the documentary method. It is concluded that the Human Rights Approach is a transforming element of development practices and a form of vindication of second and third generation rights. It represents an advance in the construction of public policy programs, as it puts human rights and people as their holders at the center of their design, implementation and evaluation, in addition to representing a substantive contribution to the contents of public policies that emphasize state obligations, in such a way that public policies are developed as means or mechanisms to guarantee the satisfaction of rights, and not only as mechanisms for solving problems. Keywords: Human Rights Approach; Guarantee; Public Policies.

RECONSTRUCTING STATE OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT AND FULFIL SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS IN AN ERA OF MARKETISATION

States hold international human rights obligations to protect rights-holders from infringements by third parties and to fulfil access to rights. States also increasingly rely on businesses to provide essential human rights resources, including for housing, food, and healthcare. How these obligations apply where States rely on businesses has not been adequately conceptualised, particularly regarding the scope of business infringements in this context, and how the obligation to fulfil relates to market regulation. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has not directly addressed these questions, but recent General Comments develop ambitious regulatory obligations in this area. However, their methodology is questionable, often collapsing the distinction between obligations to protect and to fulfil. This article reconstructs the obligations to provide distinct content under each. It delineates State duties to protect from profiteering and to fulfil human rights through market regulation. It concludes by arguing that this reconstruction may challenge central aspects of globalised capitalism based on the human rights harm inherent therein.

Femicides: Different Approaches from the Regional Protection of Human Rights

Since the adoption of the term femicide for gender-based killings of women, the theoretical development and transition of this definition to a legal concept has contributed to the acknowledgment of this phenomenon as the most extreme manifestation of violence against women. In the international sphere, the regional systems of protection of human rights appear as fertile soil for victims of femicide to claim protection. Consequently, the European Court, Inter-American, and the ECOWAS Court of human rights play an important role in the investigation, prosecution, and reparation of femicide in their regions. Nevertheless, through their jurisprudence in the matter, regional courts of human rights have adopted different approaches for femicide. This shows striking differences in the recognition of the phenomenon of femicide, the development of State obligations, and the reparation for victims. The minimalistic approach applied by the European Court in its cases, as well as a single precedent of feminicide studied by the ECOWAS Court, makes us turn the view to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Based on its maximalist approach, the Inter-American Court has gone beyond its sister courts to establish a consolidated recognition of the phenomenon of femicide, and to develop in a wider and deeper way the scope of State obligations and reparations on femicide cases.

Preventing Unilateral Deep Seabed Mining Activities – To What Extent Does the UNCLOS Regime Constrain External Actors?

Chapter 5 determines whether the common heritage prohibition of unilateral mining activities in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) prevents external actors from undertaking deep seabed mining activities unilaterally. In order to ascertain whether this prohibition binds corporate actors outside of UNCLOS, this chapter determines whether the procedural reach of UNCLOS extends to include non-States Parties and their nationals. It does so by considering, firstly, the reach of the regime as a matter of treaty law, including by assessing whether UNCLOS imposes third state obligations or creates an objective regime in relation to deep seabed mining. It also evaluates the status of the regime under customary law, with particular consideration of US practice and the role of the persistent objector doctrine. Finally, it addresses the extent to which the regime imposes direct obligations upon external corporate actors in the form of corporate obligations.

Penerapan Pajak Terhadap Industry Pariwisata Di Masa Pandemi

Taxes are compulsory contributions to the state that are owed by individuals or entities that are compelling based on law, without receiving direct compensation and used for state needs for the greatest prosperity of the people. Payment of taxes is a manifestation of state obligations and the participation of taxpayers to directly and jointly carry out tax obligations for state financing and national development. The tourism industryis one of the tax contributors in Indonesia, which since the Covid- 19 pandemic, the tourism industry sector has experienced a decline. The drastically reduced number of tourists has certainlyled to a drop in business profitability of tourism business actors,ranging from tour service providers, airlines, hotels, restaurants, to marketplaces that sell tickets for tour trips. It is almost certainthat the tourism sector will be paralyzed until the COVID-19 pandemic subsides. Based on this fact, the researcher wants to examine how the policies issued by the government are related tostabilizing the economy, especially in the tourism industry. The method used in normative legal research is a legal writing method that aims to obtain library legal materials by analyzinglegal materials related to the issues discussed as well as studying the regulations per Invitation related to the issues discussed. Thisresearch is based on general problems in the community which later on by conducting this research provides reading material as an insight into the general public. The data collection techniqueis done by looking for a problem faced by the Indonesian people,especially in the tourism industry which has a large enough burden.

Геноцид как Тяжкое Преступление (Genocide As Extraordinary Crime)

The state is a subject of international law who has power or power, so that the state is required not to abuse its authority. State obligations have been regulated in various international legal instruments. The protection of human rights has implications for the emergence of the fulfillment of human rights as a form of state responsibility. The state in this case must ensure to protect, to ensure, and to fulfill the human rights. Therefore, all acts of the state that discriminate against citizens of a certain ethnicity by committing genocide are serious human rights crimes that must be prosecuted by the International Court of Justice. This study uses qualitative research with a sociological and juridical approach. The results of the study state that the State of Indonesia has also regulated the behavior of preventing the crime of genocide in order to protect human rights.Keywords: Genocide; HAM; Extraordinary Crime Abstrak:Negara merupakan subjek hukum internasional yang memiliki kekuasaan atau power, sehingga negara dituntut tidak melakukan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kewajiban negara telah diatur dalam berbagai instrumen hukum internasional. Perlindungan terhadap HAM berimplikasi terhadap munculnya pemenuhan HAM sebagai wujud tanggungjawab negara. Negara dalam hal ini harus memastikan to protect, to ensure, and to fulfill the human rights. Oleh karenanya, segala tindakan negara yang melakukan diskriminasi kepada warga negara dari etnis tertentu dengan melakukan genosida merupakan kejahatan HAM berat yang harus dituntut oleh Mahkamah Internasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologis dan yuridis. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa Negara Indonesia juga telah mengatur perilaku pencegahan tindak kejahatan Genosida guna menjaga HAM.Kata Kunci: Genosida; HAM; Extraordinary Crime Абстрактный:Государство является субъектом международного права, обладающим властью или властью, поэтому от государства требуется не злоупотреблять своей властью. Обязательства государства регулируются различными международно-правовыми документами. Защита прав человека имеет значение для возникновения реализации прав человека как формы ответственности государства. Государство в этом случае должно гарантировать защиту, обеспечение и соблюдение прав человека. Следовательно, все действия государства, дискриминирующие граждан определенной этнической принадлежности путем совершения геноцида, являются серьезными преступлениями в области прав человека, которые должны преследоваться Международным Судом. В данном исследовании используются качественные исследования с социологическим и юридическим подходом. Результаты исследования показывают, что государство Индонезия также регулирует действия по предотвращению преступления геноцида в целях защиты прав человека.Ключевые слова: Геноцид; Ветчина; Чрезвычайное Преступление