Theorizing the Subject

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidonie Smith
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Object Relation ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Subject Formation ◽  
The Subject

Ever since the Greek philosophers and fabulists pondered the question “What is man?,” inquiries into the concept of the subject have troubled humanists, eventuating in fierce debates and weighty tomes. In the wake of the Descartes’s cogito and Enlightenment thought, proposals for an ontology of the idealist subject’s rationality, autonomy, and individualism generated tenacious questions regarding the condition of pre-consciousness, the operation of feelings and intuitions, the subject-object relation, and the origin of moral and ethical principles. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Marx, and theorists he and Engels influenced, pursued the materialist bases of the subject, through analyses of economic determinism, self-alienation, and false consciousness. Through another lineage, Freud and theorists of psychic structures pursued explanations of the incoherence of a split subject, its multipartite psychodynamics, and its relationship to signifying systems. By the latter 20th century, theorizations of becoming a gendered woman by Beauvoir, of disciplining power and ideological interpellation by Foucault and Althusser, and of structuralist dynamics of the symbolic realm expounded by Lacan, energized a succession of poststructuralist, postmodern, feminist, queer, and new materialist theorists to advance one critique after another of the inherited concept of the liberal subject as individualist, disembodied (Western) Man. In doing so, they elaborated conditions through which subjects are gendered and racialized and offered explanatory frameworks for understanding subjectivity as an effect of positionality within larger formations of patriarchy, slavery, conquest, colonialism, and global neoliberalism. By the early decades of the 21st century, posthumanist theorists dislodged the subject as the center of agentic action and distributed its processual unfolding across trans-species companionship, trans-corporeality, algorithmic networks, and conjunctions of forcefields. Persistently, theorists of the subject referred to an entangled set of related but distinct terms, such as the human, person, self, ego, interiority, and personal identity. And across diverse humanities disciplines, they struggled to define and refine constitutive features of subject formation, most prominently relationality, agency, identity, and embodiment.

Roderick Peattie’s Mountain Geography – A Critique and Field Study (1936)

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-242
Author(s):  
David R Butler
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
English Language ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mountain Landscapes ◽  
Mountain Geography

Roderick Peattie’s book, Mountain Geography – A Critique and Field Study (1936), is a classic work that established a format for English-language books on the subject of mountain geography that largely persists to the present day. Peattie’s work was based primarily on an extended period of study in the mountains of western Europe. His book reflects a strong Eurocentric view of mountain landscapes that carries over into late-20th century and 21st century English-language books on mountain landscapes.

scholarly journals Redshift Surveys With 2DF

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 473-481
Author(s):  
Matthew Colless ◽  
Brian Boyle
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Redshift Surveys ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Redshift Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Galaxy Redshift ◽  
Survey Strategy

This IAU Joint Discussion proposes to address the subject of redshift surveys in the 21st century. This paper, however, deals with two major new redshift surveys that those involved sincerely hope will be completed in the 20th century. Nonetheless, these surveys are relevant to the topic of the meeting, as they clearly foreshadow the scope and style of redshift surveys, if not in the coming millennium, at least in the coming decade. The surveys are being carried out with the new Two Degree Field (2dF) facility on the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT), a 400-fibre multi-object spectrograph with the capability, as described in Section 2, to increase the size of redshift surveys by an order of magnitude over current best efforts. The main scientific goals, survey strategy and some preliminary results from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey are outlined in Section 3, while Section 4 similarly describes the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey. Further information can be found on the WWW at http://www.aao.gov.au/2df/ for the 2dF facility, at http://msowww.anu.edu.au/~colless/2dF/ for thegalaxy survey and at http://www.aao.gov.au/local/www/rs/qso_surv.html for the QSO survey.

The Theoretical and the Practical Memory Problem in the Context of the Personal Identity of a Patient Suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease – David DeGrazia’s Bioethical Standpoint

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 313-321
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Czaja
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Memory Problem ◽  
Metaphysical Theory ◽  
The Subject

The presented article illustrates David DeGrazia’s bioethical standpoint regarding the theoretical and the practical problem of memory in the context of the personal identity of a patient suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The first part of the article is a presentation of the theoretical problem of memory in the context of numerical and narrative identity being the center of the metaphysical theory of the human person. The second part of the article presents a practical memory problem in the bioethical case of a patient diagnosed with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. The American bioethicist and philosopher David DeGrazia proposes that the theoretical solutions regarding the identity of the human person find their practical application in bioethics in resolving moral dilemmas in the health care. The final part of the article focuses on criticizing the possibilities of practical applications of theoretical solutions on the subject of the human person in the bioethical position of David DeGrazia.

scholarly journals Uncompleted project of the Central Municipal Park in Lublin

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Kamila Lucyna Boguszewska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Architectural Competitions ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The areas of the former Royal Pond (Staw Królewski) in Lublin were the subject of many projects and architectural competitions. Over the years the concepts of development of this area have been changing, but both in the pre-war period and later, it was supposed to be green urban space accessible to the residents. The aim of the article is to outline the development plans of the city of Lublin (second half of the 20th century / beginning of the 21st century) concerning the implementation of the Central Municipal Park, which was planned in the area of the former pond. The works on this project, which was finally never implemented, have been carried out since the end of the 1950s. This name, used interchangeably with Culture Park (Park Kultury), appeared for the first time in the General Spatial Development Plan for the city of Lublin in 1957. The author, on the basis of conducted research, archival queries and comparative studies, analyses the ideas and solutions concerning the development of this part of the Bystrzyca river valley.

scholarly journals Remake jako forma dialogu z klasyką (inspiracje „Szynelem” Mikołaja Gogola w wybranej literaturze rosyjskiej XX i XXI w.)

Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2(59)) ◽  
pp. 327-351
Author(s):  
Martyna Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Political Principles

Remake as a Form of the Dialogue with the Classics (Nikolai Gogol’s ‘The Overcoat' as an Inspiration in Russian Literature in the End of the 20th Century and the Beginning of the 21st Century) The article is devoted to the very recent phenomenon in contemporary Russian literature – to a remake. The subject of this research is the literary ‘dialogue’ between classical short story (The Overcoat by Nikolay Gogol) and Russian literary works in the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. In scope, there is a micro-novel of Vladimir Voinovich The Fur Hat, then Dmitry Gorchev’s novel The Phone and Vladimir Shinkariev’s work The Flat, as well as Bashmachkin – a drama written by Oleg Bogaev. The interest that contemporary authors demonstrate in Gogol’s work is a result of the problems described which still appear to be current. This is also an attempt to make Russian classics contemporary and reinterpret the 20th century novel simultaneously. The methods of bringing ‘Gogol’s text’ up to date in the above-mentioned works present the wide range of possibilities that remake gives. Voinovich put social and political principles of Soviet state in the first place. The Table of Ranks together with its submission of an individual towards the state has been deeply analyzed. In Gorchev’s and Shinkariev’s stories contemporary Bashmachkins – ‘little men’, eager to fulfill their dreams about better life – are presented. What is more, those texts show a very interesting picture of Russian reality in the beginning of 21st century ruled by lawlessness, corruption and money. The most original approach to Gogol’s work was presented by Bogaev in Bashmachkin’s story continuation. However, the main character is the overcoat who is administering justice on behalf of a dying hero. The remake-sequel is not only a modernized version of Gogol’s plot but also a new text growing up from a postmodern game. A proposed analysis of the above-mentioned Russian remakes presents many different ways a classic literature text can be modernized thanks to this kind of adaptation. However, on the ground of Russian literature, a remake is above all a pursuit of a dialogue with the classics, an attempt to modernize the problematic aspects and emphasize timeless contents.

scholarly journals Geoheritage of the Monchegorsk Igneous Layered Paleoproterozoic Intrusion (Kola Peninsula, Arctic Russia): Evaluation and Geotourism Opportunities

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3583-3610
Author(s):  
Miłosz Huber ◽  
Galina Zhigunova ◽  
Maria Menshakova ◽  
Olga Iakovleva ◽  
Maria Karimova
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Tourist Infrastructure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Regional Landscape ◽  
Arctic Russia ◽  
Arctic Fauna

Monchegorsk is an intrusion complex of basic and ultrabasic rocks of the Paleoproterozoic age. This complex formed during active magmatic mobility that took place in NE Scandinavia 2.5 Ga years ago. These were the subject of intensive exploration and exploitation at the beginning of the 20th century, the latter carrying on through to the beginning of the 21st century. This contributed to the creation of some different forms of post-industrail mining infrastructure in the area. Many mining settlements, including Monchegorsk, mining plants, adits and quarries were established during this time, the relics of which are still present today. The Monchegorsk intrusions complex is formed by several fragmented massifs: Traviannaya, Kumuzhia, Nittis, Sopcha, Nyud, Poaz, and Monchetundra, the highest elevations of which reach up to 1000 m above sea level. These massifs form a landscape of “islands” and mountain ranges that have influence upon the regional landscape over several tens of kilometers. Their geography is characterized by numerous reliefs, glacial cirques, rocky thresholds with waterfalls and trough lakes. The potential of this region lies in the heritage of historical exploitation, numerous monuments of which have been preserved to this day. An important value is a landscape resulting from the relief of these mountains, highlighted by glacial activity in the Pleistocene. There are also interesting examples of Arctic fauna and flora, and of the rocks that form the bedrock in this intrusion. Some of the mineralization of these outcroppings can also be admired in the collections of the local museum that serves as a geocenter. The possibility of admiring relatively easily accessible views (the international route St. Petersburg–Murmansk–Kirkenes passes through the middle of the hills) and the interesting geology of the area abounding in rocks of mineralogical significance, their exposures, and history, along with the possibility of observing various post-industrail forms, make this area of great tourist potential. This article describes the most interesting exposures of outstanding tourist value and proposes routes connecting these points. It also discusses the problem of securing these exposures and the necessary tourist infrastructure, which is currently lacking.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Planification: Potential and role in XXI century market economy

2016 ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Buzgalin ◽  
A. Kolganov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Real Socialism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Planning Institutions

The authors, basing on a critical analysis of the experience of planning during the 20th century in a number of countries of Europe and Asia, and also on the lessons from the economics of "real socialism", set out to substantiate their conclusions on the advisability of "reloading" this institution. The aim is to create planning mechanisms, suited to the new economy, that incorporate forecasting, projections, direct and indirect selective regulation and so forth into integral programs of economic development and that set a vector of development for particular limited spheres of what remains on the whole a market economy. New planning institutions presuppose a supersession of the forms of bureaucratic centralism and a reliance on network forms of organization of the subject and process of planning.

“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road

Afghanistan ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-194
Author(s):  
Warwick Ball
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
International Image ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
The Silk Road

The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned

Prescriptive Power: Biologism, Biopsychiatry and Drug-centred Psychopharmacology

Somatechnics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 291-309
Author(s):  
Francis Russell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Biological Ontology ◽  
Health Discourse

This paper looks to make a contribution to the critical project of psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff, by elucidating her account of ‘drug-centred’ psychiatry, and its relation to critical and cultural theory. Moncrieff's ‘drug-centred’ approach to psychiatry challenges the dominant view of mental illness, and psychopharmacology, as necessitating a strictly biological ontology. Against the mainstream view that mental illnesses have biological causes, and that medications like ‘anti-depressants’ target specific biological abnormalities, Moncrieff looks to connect pharmacotherapy for mental illness to human experience, and to issues of social justice and emancipation. However, Moncrieff's project is complicated by her framing of psychopharmacological politics in classical Marxist notions of ideology and false consciousness. Accordingly, she articulates a political project that would open up psychiatry to the subjugated knowledge of mental health sufferers, whilst also characterising those sufferers as beholden to ideology, and as being effectively without knowledge. Accordingly, in order to contribute to Moncrieff's project, and to help introduce her work to a broader humanities readership, this paper elucidates her account of ‘drug-centred psychiatry’, whilst also connecting her critique of biopsychiatry to notions of biologism, biopolitics, and bio-citizenship. This is done in order to re-describe the subject of mental health discourse, so as to better reveal their capacities and agency. As a result, this paper contends that, once reframed, Moncrieff's work helps us to see value in attending to human experience when considering pharmacotherapy for mental illness.

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