Refugees and Diasporas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenzin Dorjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Diaspora Studies ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Intergroup Communication ◽  
Immigrant Studies ◽  
Social Identity Complexity ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Refugees and diasporas are part and parcel of today’s accelerating global diversity and domestic diversity changes that we encounter in social interactions. These terms conjure up images in our mind of individuals who belong to certain social groups in host environments. Basically, their social identities define who they are and how they are treated by others in social interactions. While there is extensive research on refugees and diasporas in three separate but interrelated domains—refugee studies, diaspora studies, and immigrant studies, less scholarly attention has been paid to the conceptual distinctions between refugees and diasporas, among other things. The complexity of refugees and diasporas is explored along with some implications. Most studies are atheoretical in nature, and an intergroup perspective can provide insights into how they engage in identity negotiation and intergroup communication adaptation to host environments. Thus, a theoretical discussion is provided of how refugees and diasporas face the challenges to preserve, maintain, and further their distinctive social identities, and also adapt to the new environment by way of negotiating their social identity complexity using intergroup communication strategies.

scholarly journals Inclusive and exclusive beneficiary attributions: The role of social identity complexity in interpretations of and punishment for dissent

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110194
Author(s):  
Sonia Roccas ◽  
Adi Amit ◽  
Shani Oppenheim-Weller ◽  
Osnat Hazan ◽  
Lilach Sagiv
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Moral Judgements ◽  
Identity Complexity ◽  
Social Identity Complexity

We suggest that intentionality attributed to dissenting behavior in intergroup contexts (e.g., exposing one’s country’s secrets) may be conceptualized as benefitting one of four social circles. Two social circles exclude the perceiver: (a) the actor him/herself and (b) the outgroup affected by the behavior; and two circles include the perceiver: (c) the ingroup of both the perceiver and the actor and (d) humanity as the ultimate collective including both ingroup and outgroup. We further suggest that adopting different beneficiary attributions depends on the perceivers’ social identity complexity (Roccas & Brewer, 2002), which refers to an individual’s representation of their multiple social identities on a continuum from highly overlapping to highly differentiated (i.e., simple vs. complex social identity). Perceivers are more likely to attribute dissent behavior to social circles that exclude (rather than include) themselves the simpler their social identity; such exclusive attributions lead to harsher moral judgements, expressed as punitiveness.

Learning Real-Life Lessons From Online Games

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Lange
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Online Games ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Life Lessons ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Games have received increased scholarly attention due to the economic value they generate. Yet, some studies still conceptualize games as ‘‘virtual’’ realms that are theoretically distinct from ‘‘real world’’ experiences. Based on an ethnographic investigation of two online, text-based gaming environments, this study analyzes dynamics such as technical acculturation, access to technical knowledge, and opportunities for self-expression by studying social interaction that occurred in non-revenue-generating games. Frameworks that focus on dynamics such as in-game conversation in broader game-centric domains or ecologies should be considered to accommodate a wider variety of gaming forms and related interdisciplinary research questions. Different games have different consequences, and it is important to understand the varying consequential contexts that games afford. Whether or not the consequences may be measured economically, it is nevertheless important to consider how social interactions may complicate forms of self-expression in ways that impact the human spirit.

scholarly journals How does cognition shape social relationships?

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. F. Wascher ◽  
Ipek G. Kulahci ◽  
Ellis J. G. Langley ◽  
Rachael C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

The requirements of living in social groups, and forming and maintaining social relationships are hypothesized to be one of the major drivers behind the evolution of cognitive abilities. Most empirical studies investigating the relationships between sociality and cognition compare cognitive performance between species living in systems that differ in social complexity. In this review, we ask whether and how individuals benefit from cognitive skills in their social interactions. Cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and inhibitory control, aid in forming and maintaining social relationships. We investigate whether there is evidence that individual variation in these abilities influences individual variation in social relationships. We then consider the evolutionary consequences of the interaction between sociality and cognitive ability to address whether bi-directional relationships exist between the two, such that cognition can both shape and be shaped by social interactions and the social environment. In doing so, we suggest that social network analysis is emerging as a powerful tool that can be used to test for directional causal relationships between sociality and cognition. Overall, our review highlights the importance of investigating individual variation in cognition to understand how it shapes the patterns of social relationships. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

Family Relationships and Interactions: An Intergroup Approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Soliz
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Family Identity ◽  
Intergroup Processes ◽  
Intergroup Communication ◽  
Multiracial Families ◽  
Communication Processes

Families are not immune from intergroup processes that pervade other social relationships and institutions in society. Family relationships are often constituted by individuals with different identities and worldviews, especially when considering the changing landscape of families (e.g., multiethnic–multiracial families, interfaith families). Moreover, many of our most personal relationships emerge from the joining of two distinct familial groups (e.g., in-laws, stepfamily members). Whether considering different social identities salient in family interactions (e.g., ethnicity-race, age, political affiliation) or formative dynamics as families merge, intergroup communication processes are central to managing difference in a constructive manner that facilitates development of a shared family identity and individual well-being. Further, an intergroup perspective on family highlights the manner in which families directly and indirectly socialize family members’ intergroup attitudes and worldviews.

Power and punishment influence negotiations over parental care

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina A Barbasch ◽  
Suzanne H Alonzo ◽  
Peter M Buston
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Conflict ◽  
Negotiation Model ◽  
Rank 2 ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Total Effort ◽  
Partial Compensation

Abstract Asymmetries in power (the ability to influence the outcome of conflict) are ubiquitous in social interactions because interacting individuals are rarely identical. It is well documented that asymmetries in power influence the outcome of reproductive conflict in social groups. Yet power asymmetries have received little attention in the context of negotiations between caring parents, which is surprising given that parents are often markedly different in size. Here we built on an existing negotiation model to examine how power and punishment influence negotiations over care. We incorporated power asymmetry by allowing the more-powerful parent, rank 1, to inflict punishment on the less-powerful parent, rank 2. We then determined when punishment will be favored by selection and how it would affect the negotiated behavioral response of each parent. We found that with power and punishment, a reduction in one parent’s effort results in partial compensation by the other parent. However, the degree of compensation is asymmetric: the rank 2 compensates more than the rank 1. As a result, the fitness of rank 1 increases and the fitness of rank 2 decreases, relative to the original negotiation model. Furthermore, because power and punishment enable one parent to extract greater effort from the other, offspring can do better, that is, receive more total effort, when there is power and punishment involved in negotiations over care. These results reveal how power and punishment alter the outcome of conflict between parents and affect offspring, providing insights into the evolutionary consequences of exerting power in negotiations.

Dominance relations and agonistic behaviour of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) during fall and spring migration

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon S Badzinski
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Cygnus Columbianus ◽  
Dominance Relations ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Simple Decision Rule

Social interactions and agonistic activities of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) were documented at Long Point, Ontario, to determine (i) dominance relations among social groups and (ii) the frequency and intensity of agonistic acts by swans. Families were involved in one-third as many interactions as were nonfamily groups. Nonfamily groups initiated interactions with other nonfamily groups more often than they did with family groups, but families initiated the same relative numbers of interactions with family and nonfamily groups. Further, families won nearly all conflicts with nonfamily groups, which suggests that they generally dominated nonfamily groups. Tundra Swans also showed a dominance hierarchy based largely on family or group size. To reduce conflict and energy expenditure, swans may use a simple "decision rule" during interactions: larger groups and initiators win. Two results supported this: (1) swans initiated interactions more often with smaller groups and (2) groups that initiated won interactions more often than did recipients. Swans used low-intensity agonistic acts more frequently than higher intensity ones when engaging members of other social groups, but intensity of aggression was independent of group status. Dominance based on the use of simple cues may be especially beneficial in unstable social environments at major staging areas.

Special issue on English intensifiers

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
BELÉN MÉNDEZ-NAYA
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Grammatical Change ◽  
Degree Modifiers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Degree modifiers, degree words or intensifiers are linguistic elements which convey the degree or the exact value of the quality expressed by the item they modify. They are typically adverbs, as in very hot, really interesting, greatly appreciate or completely absurd, but adjectives may also fulfil this function, as in utter nonsense. As noted by Bolinger (1972: 18), degree words offer a picture of ‘fevered invention’, and without any doubt constitute one of the major areas of grammatical change and renewal in English (Brinton & Arnovik 2006: 441), especially from the Early Modern English period onwards (Peters 1993). It is therefore no surprise that degree modifiers have attracted so much scholarly attention from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. Pioneering studies, such as those by Stoffel (1901), Borst (1902) and Fettig (1934), provide comprehensive inventories of intensifying adverbs in both modern and earlier English, as well as valuable insights into how they originated. In the last decade, however, intensifiers have become the object of renewed interest; this can be attributed in part to the development of computerized corpora, and also to advances in theoretical linguistics, more specifically in the study of semantic change and of grammaticalization processes. This renewed interest has focused, for example, on the individual histories of particular degree items as seen from the perspective of grammaticalization, on the competition of different intensifiers within a given period and across time, and on their distribution across different social groups, varieties or registers.

scholarly journals Negotiation of Tradition, Islam, and Modernity in The Movement of The Kaum Mudo Islamic Reform in Minangkabau

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-59
Author(s):  
Andri Ashadi
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Islam And Modernity ◽  
Reform Model

At the beginning of the 20th century when the modernism of Islam in Minangkabau was strengthened, many academics saw the Kaum Mudo Islamic movement in a paradoxical perspective. On the one hand, the movement is considered to be progress-oriented by negotiating and accommodating with adat and hence they are referred to as reformers. On the other hand, the movement is seen as opposing and eliminating the integration of the elements of local cultures (adat) and modern ideas into Islam. Therefore, they are also referred to as puritans. Employing Stella Ting-Toomeys’s identity negotiation theory, which refers to ethnic (traditional) and religious identities as primary identities, this article concludes that the Islamic Movement for the Kaum Mudo in Minangkabau is a reform movement rooted in Islamic customs and traditions and not a purification movement. It can be observed, among others, in the following cases: (1) the existing social groups contest each other and fight for their mutual influence; (2) the ethnic background of each character at that time required an attitude which gives room for negotiations; (3) the existing madrasa reform model negotiated between the traditional surau system and the modern Dutch school; and (4) there has been a synthesis of adat with Islam and modernity in Minangkabau which are also negotiating each other.

scholarly journals Regulation between personality traits: individual social tendencies modulate whether boldness and leadership are correlated

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1880) ◽  
pp. 20180829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy A. Bevan ◽  
Isabella Gosetto ◽  
Eliza R. Jenkins ◽  
Isobel Barnes ◽  
Christos C. Ioannou
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
The Relationship

Although consistent behavioural differences between individuals (i.e. personality variation) are now well established in animals, these differences are not always expressed when individuals interact in social groups. This can be key in important social dynamics such as leadership, which is often positively related to personality traits such as boldness. Individuals consistently differ in how social they are (their sociability), so if other axes of personality variation, such as boldness, can be suppressed during social interactions, this suppression should be stronger in more sociable individuals. We measured boldness (latency to leave a refuge when alone) and sociability (time spent with a conspecific) in three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) and tested the boldness–leadership association in pairs of these fish. Both boldness and sociability were repeatable, but were not correlated. When splitting the data between the 50% most sociable and 50% less sociable fish, boldness was more strongly associated with leadership in less rather than more sociable individuals. This is consistent with more sociable fish conforming to their partner's behaviour due to their greater social tendency. One axis of personality variation (sociability) can thus modulate the relationship between others (boldness and leadership), with potential implications for selection on personality variation in social animals.

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