Precolonial Metallurgy and Mining across Africa

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.148 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Shadreck Chirikure

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

North Africa ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Horn Of Africa ◽

West Central ◽

Time Periods ◽

Technological History

Since their inception, precolonial mining and metallurgy gradually became essential social, technological, and even politico-economic pillars of African communities of varying time periods. However, the onset of metallurgy and mining and the associated technology and sociocultural beliefs varied from region to region in a way that defies generalization. Owing to their cultural and geographical location, Egypt, the Sudan, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa share some very broad similarities in their metallurgical histories. This in some cases sharply differs from that of many regions such as West, central, East and southern Africa. Interestingly, these regions too are characterized by technological similarity and diversity. When considered together, the multiple trajectories taken by metallurgy and mining in Africa’s different regions are essential for achieving a comparative understanding of the continent’s rich technological history. Achieving this, however, requires an interdisciplinary approach from documentation through data analysis to eventual interpretation. This contribution combines insights from various disciplines to present an overview of precolonial metallurgy and mining in Africa’s many regions.

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780198826224.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Marina Sharpe

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

Great Lakes ◽

East Africa ◽

North Africa ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Theoretical Approach ◽

Central Africa ◽

Horn Of Africa ◽

Refugee Protection

This introductory chapter begins by presenting the book’s structure in section A. Section B then delineates the book’s contours, outlining four aspects of refugee protection in Africa that are not addressed. Section C provides context, with a contemporary overview of the state of refugee protection in Africa. It also looks at the major aspects of the refugee situations in each of Africa’s principal geographic sub-regions: East Africa (including the Horn of Africa), Central Africa and the Great Lakes, West Africa, Southern Africa, and North Africa. Section D then concludes with an outline of the theoretical approach to regime relationships employed throughout the book.

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Doing Business with Africans: (North Africa, East Africa, West Central Africa, Southern Africa)

Managing Cultural Differences ◽

10.4324/9780080479064-23 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 553-599

Keyword(s):

East Africa ◽

North Africa ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Central Africa ◽

Doing Business ◽

West Central

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First record of the genus Pentzia (Asteraceae) in Oman

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.471.1.9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 471 (1) ◽

pp. 90-92

Author(s):

MATS THULIN ◽

ANNETTE PATZELT

Keyword(s):

North Africa ◽

Southern Africa ◽

First Record ◽

Sister Species ◽

Horn Of Africa

Pentzia arabica, previously known only from a few collections from Yemen, is reported also from Jabal Samhan in Oman. This is the first record of a Pentzia in Oman, and the locality is the northernmost and easternmost known for the genus. A map of the distribution of P. arabica and its presumed sister species, P. somalensis in Somalia, is presented. Apart from these two species in the Horn of Africa region, the disjunct Pentzia comprises 26 species in southern Africa and two species in North Africa.

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A Turbulent Silk Road: China's Vulnerable Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa

The China Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0305741020001216 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Andrea Ghiselli ◽

Pippa Morgan

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

North Africa ◽

Security Policy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Horn Of Africa ◽

Host Countries ◽

Security Risks ◽

Significant Evidence ◽

Chinese Workers

Abstract The nexus between China's human and economic presence abroad and its security policy is increasingly important. Within this nexus, this study statistically explores whether and to what extent Chinese contractors reduce the number of Chinese nationals they send to work in North Africa, the Middle East and the Horn of Africa when the security situation in host states worsens. We find no significant evidence that either warnings from Chinese embassies and consulates to leave host countries or expert perceptions of host stability influence the number of Chinese workers. Worker numbers appear to decrease significantly only in the aftermath of large-scale violent events. These findings suggest that Chinese companies are relatively acceptant of security risks and uncertainties, despite the decade-long regulatory efforts of the Chinese government to make them more security-conscious overseas and, thus, to reduce pressure to use diplomatically and economically expensive military means for their protection.

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Development of humanities education in the context of interdisciplinary approach and informatization

Linguistics and Culture Review ◽

10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (S2) ◽

pp. 580-587

Author(s):

Yuriy S. Kravtsov ◽

Mariia P. Oleksiuk ◽

Ihor M. Halahan ◽

Viktoriia B. Lehin ◽

Tetiana A. Balbus

Keyword(s):

Geographical Location ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Social Practices ◽

Virtual Space ◽

Self Determination ◽

Global Network ◽

Cultural Meanings ◽

Humanities Education ◽

Cultural Self ◽

The Individual

The phenomenon of globalization is directly connected to the emergence of the global Network. National and political diversity in cyberspace fades into the background. Authenticity, self-identification of a person becomes secondary. The society determines the immersion of the individual in the virtual space and its functioning in this space. The transformation and development of humanities education is determined by the processes of informatization. The development of humanities education involves the implementation of the principle of openness of humanities education to social practices and the principle of its accessibility without age and geographical location. The introduction of info-telecommunications accelerates the creation of a single information space, provides access to the information resources. The development of humanities education is aimed at implementing an interdisciplinary approach that ensures the effectiveness of the development and application of humanitarian knowledge and form a conscious responsible choice in a variety of cultural meanings, cultural self-determination. It ensures the rigor and accuracy of the methodological and technical side of humanities education.

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Geography, poverty and development: an interdisciplinary debate

Sociedade & Natureza ◽

10.1590/s1982-45132011000200006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 227-236

Author(s):

Anand Prasad Mishra

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Historical Background ◽

Development Studies ◽

Multiple Routes ◽

Contemporary Development ◽

Tribal Region ◽

Geographical Space ◽

Mode Of Production

An emerging feature of contemporary development studies in India is the deployment of an interdisciplinary approach involving geographical location, level of poverty, nature of development and planning etc. The prevalence of poverty in a specific geographical location represents the evolving pattern of deprivation under a particular mode of production. The historicity of poverty in a geographical space needs an independent enquiry and identification of different production systems which are responsible for the problem of deprivation through multiple routes. The present paper is an attempt to initiate a debate on the issue of poverty, especially in a tribal region, through a multi-dimensional perspective, i.e. interrelation between geography, poverty, development and planning. The paper identifies one of the most poverty-stricken regions of India for a detailed discussion of the various casual factors which are apparently responsible for the poverty of that region. The paper also tries to explore the historical background of poverty in the study area (Babhani Block of Sonbhadra U. P.).

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WHEN ROMAN ANTIQUITY AND RENAISSANCE CAME TOGETHER IN VIRTUAL 3D ENVIRONMENT: 3D MODELLING CONSIDERATIONS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-607-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽

pp. 607-614

Author(s):

M. Koehl ◽

M. Fuchs ◽

T. Nivola ◽

J. Koch ◽

L. Cartier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Geographical Location ◽

3D Modelling ◽

16Th Century ◽

Construction Period ◽

Right Of Way ◽

3D Environment ◽

Military Camp ◽

Roman Antiquity ◽

Northeast Corner

Abstract. This paper is a review of the modelling of two edifices located in a city which developed on the vestiges of a Roman city during antiquity endowed in the 4th century with a military camp. The term castellum is used for the first structure. A second structure concerns the remains of a castle dismantled at the end of the 17th century, which was generally known only by an engraving in perspective made shortly before its demolition, and the cadastral matrix that had preserved the traces of its right-of-way. It is a Renaissance castle built in the 16th century by the Württemberg family in the northeast corner of the ruins of the castellum. The projects contain a first part of data analysis and interpretation based on available documents. Similar sites close in terms of architecture, geographical location and construction period were also visited to get inspiration from them and to be able to make proposals for restitution. Despite the lack of data available, the multidisciplinary aspect of these projects is very important. In fact, the experience of archaeologists and the monitoring of modelling throughout its progress is essential to work out models that are both justifiable, at the level of the proposals made and sufficiently complete to be able to be highlighted. Once the models validated, they are integrated in a virtual way into the contemporary urban environment, through an interactive virtual tour. This paper reviews the principles implemented during the modelling, the rendering and the valorisation of the models thru virtual tours and AR/VR implementation.

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Terror and Civil Conflict

Things Come Together ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190942540.003.0007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 164-193

Author(s):

Robert I. Rotberg

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Civil Conflict ◽

The Self ◽

Horn Of Africa ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

Nation States ◽

North And South

Too many of Africa’s nation-states, both north and south of the Sahara, remain convulsed by combatants, infiltrated by insurgents, and damaged deeply either by the self-inflicted wounds of civil conflict or attacked from within by Islamists supported from without and loyal to externally propagated ideologies. In their founding years, independent northern and southern Africa harbored conflicts that tore new nations apart. In contemporary times some of those civil wars linger, joined as they have been since the dawning of the new century by newly spawned fundamentalist revolutionaries and by reactionaries who regard constituted authority and modern political instrumentalities as illegitimate, even haram—“forbidden.” Although there are fewer civil conflict deaths per year than there were in the 1980s and 1990s, there are many more episodes of terror, and fatalities, than there were in those times. And the seemingly intractable nature of some of the conflicts and many of the campaigns against terror give the impression that sections of Africa—Egypt and the Sinai; Algeria, Libya, and the Sahel; the Horn of Africa and Kenya; Nigeria and its northeastern neighbors; and the Democratic Republic of Congo—are today immured in warfare that will not easily end.

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