Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshale Tibebu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
National Question ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of Ethiopia during the 19th century involved three fundamental processes: (1) the Zämänä Mäsafənt (Era of Princes) and its coming to an end under Kassa Häylu, later Emperor Tewodros II; (2) the repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia, culminating in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896; and (3) Mənilək’s territorial expansion and conquest of what is now southern Ethiopia during the last quarter of the 19th century in campaigns known as agär maqnat. These three distinct, yet related, processes laid the foundations for the making of modern Ethiopia. The end of the Zämänä Mäsafənt was a key factor in centralizing state power in the hands of the emperors of Ethiopia. It enabled consolidating the power of the regional lords under the emperor, which in turn played a critical role in confronting Egypt and Italy’s colonial intrusions in the late 19th century. Mənilək’s territorial conquests in the south further strengthened the state, garnering vast human and material resources that played a critical role in the Ethiopian victory at the Battle of Adwa. All three processes worked in tandem: the end of the Zämänä Mäsafənt created a strong centralized state; such a state succeeded in nipping in the bud the colonial invasions of Egypt and Italy; and the successes of the agär maqnat campaigns added to the overall strength of the country. It also laid the ground for the problems of the 20th century, chief among them being the “national question.”

scholarly journals Toys between the Ludic and the Pedagogical Perspective in Late 19th Century Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Cătălina Mihalache
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper proposes to identify what the 19th century brought as novelties in the “life” of toys, seen as items dedicated explicitly to children; I have focused, naturally, on the Romanian case. By correlating the accounts to which I had access, I was able to outline certain evolutions in the manufacture, use, purchase, and characteristics ascribed to toys in that period. I have noted, first of all, the social differentiation in terms of toy consumption. The lower classes – defined by their views of childhood, material resources and well-delimited systems of gratification/rewarding – used more or less the same games and toys. Wealthier classes recorded a more diversified consumption, with urban influences, while the children of the elites became increasingly familiar with the offers of the Western world, brought directly from the source or just copied here. Another highlighted aspect is the increase in standardisation and even the industrialisation of toy production.

scholarly journals WOMEN ARTISTS OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE AT THE SUNSET OF IMPERIAL CHINA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Xiaoqin ◽  
Haji Baharudin bin Haji Mohd Arus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Women Artists ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Women's Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Male Discourse ◽  
The 19Th Century

Increasing attention to the history of Chinese women artists gives further impetus to re-evaluation of their artistic contribution. Here I focus on developments in women’s art in the later part of the 19th century, entering into an interrogation of the assumption that the century had witnessed its decline in tandem with the decline of the Imperial China itself. A focus of the article is the 2017 Zhejiang exhibition, which has served to further intensify the imperative for research. Adopting a perspective based on gender and class, this paper examines the work of the female Chinese artists of the late 19th century both in the traditional Jiangnan area, which had been the epicentre of culture and economy, and in the newly developing trade areas, most notably Shanghai. There a vibrant art market emerged, bringing significant opportunities for women artists from broader social strata. This dynamic is illustrated by the particular example of Ren Xia. In these circumstances significant changes took place in the context of the presence of continuity in women’s aesthetic production, while a traditional male discourse remained hegemonic.

Narratives of democracy: A call for historical studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Tim B Müller ◽  
Jeppe Nevers
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Modern Democracy ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Historians have long been aware of the power of narratives; but they have been hesitant to analyse the production of national narratives of democracy, in which their own profession played an important role. This issue and introduction aims to insert and study the role of narratives in the history of democracy. It builds on the growing literature in both the conceptual and political history of democracy, which has stressed the importance of the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century in the coming of modern democracy, albeit in non-linear and highly contested ways and often in contrast to the retrospective teleology at work in most older histories of democracy. Therefore, from the 19th century onwards, languages and narratives of democracy developed in many countries, but it happened at different times, at different speeds, and in different forms. This issue encourages and exemplifies systematic and comparative historical analysis of how narratives of democracy were created in that context: What national narratives of democracy did, in fact, exist in specific periods and contexts? Where have these narratives come from? How were nations ‘narrated’ as democratic, what purposes did different narratives serve, and how did they change over time?

scholarly journals The Image of the Snow Maiden in the Sketches of Costumes for the Russian Theater of the Late 19th Century: Paths of Evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
С.К. Зауст
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Accurate Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Peasant Women ◽  
The 19Th Century

В исследовании на основе эскизов костюмов для постановок пьесы «Снегурочка» А. Н. Островского выявляются основные тенденции эволюции образа главной героини на протяжении последней четверти XIX в. Художественное изучение эскизов русских художников-станковистов этого периода и обращение к результатам исследований в области истории народного и сценического костюма, этнографии, биографическим изысканиям позволило рассмотреть изменение облика костюма Снегурочки от первых постановок пьесы (1873) до врубелевского воплощения (1890). Анализируемый образ развивался путем отказа от «художественного подхода», присущего русскому академизму (М. Клодий), последующего обращения к интерпретации В. М. Васнецова, в которой Снегурочка оказалась наиболее точным выражением идеала русской красоты, а затем – к народной романтизации, проявившейся в эскизах Н. К. фон Бооля и М. А. Врубеля. Трактовка В. М. Васнецова установила новый «сказочный канон», сохраняемый в театральном и киноискусстве до сих пор. The aim of the study is to identify the ways and features of the transformation of the fairytale image of the Snow Maiden (the main heroine of the play of the same name by Alexander Ostrovsky) in the conditions of the Russian stage of the late 19th century. The work was carried out on the basis of sketches of stage costumes created by Russian easel painters of the late 19th century. Other important sources were studies in the field of the history of Russian painting and scenography, the history of folk and stage costumes, ethnography; biographical research on Viktor Vasnetsov; Ostrovsky’s diaries. The core of the research was an evolutionary approach, which eventually made it possible to achieve the aim of the study. A comparative historical method was used for discovering the similarity between the motives reflected in the images of the Snow Maiden in the analyzed sketches and Russian folk ornaments of the 19th century that decorated the traditional costumes of Russian peasant women. In the course of the study, the appearance of the Snow Maiden’s costume was analyzed. From how it was shown in the sketches for the first productions of Ostrovsky’s play in the Bolshoi and Maly Theaters (sketches by M. P. Klodt) to the image of the heroine captured in the relief drawing by Mikhail Vrubel. Particular attention was paid to Vasnetsov’s interpretation, in which the image was successfully correlated with the traditional motives that existed in the folk ornament and embroidery of the Russian North. The characteristic features of the image of later authors (Nikolay von Bool and Mikhail Vrubel) were revealed. The later incarnations of the image were studied (for example, in Soviet cinema at the end of the 20th century). It has been established that a sketch of a stage costume solves the problem of the structure of the embodied image, it is an illustration of the author’s artistic beliefs and (in the case of reaching a certain level of artistic perfection) is a guideline for determining the technology of creating a costume. It has been determined that sketches made by old masters of Russian theatrical costume have a special artistic value and expressiveness. The leader among the masters, according to the author, is Vasnetsov, the creator of the authentic, perfect graphics of the Russian folk costume. The image of the Snow Maiden on the Russian stage of the late 19th century developed from the “artistic approach” characteristic of Russian academism and implemented in the works of M. P. Klodt to the most accurate expression of the ideal of Russian beauty embodied by Vasnetsov and further towards popular romanticization (von Bool and Vrubel).

MASJID BESAR RAJA HAJI ABDUL GHANI PULAU BURU KEPULAUAN RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
District Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Level Government

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis

Битвазапрошлое:храмсвятогоГеоргия вИзраавэпицентре церковно-политическойборьбыконцаXIXв.

2019 ◽  
pp. 256-281
Author(s):  
E.M. Kopot`
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The article brings up an obscure episode in the rivalry of the Orthodox and Melkite communities in Syria in the late 19th century. In order to strengthen their superiority over the Orthodox, the Uniates attempted to seize the church of St. George in Izraa, one of the oldest Christian temples in the region. To the Orthodox community it presented a threat coming from a wealthier enemy backed up by the See of Rome and the French embassy. The only ally the Antioch Patriarchate could lean on for support in the fight for its identity was the Russian Empire, a traditional protector of the Orthodox Arabs in the Middle East. The documents from the Foreign Affairs Archive of the Russian Empire, introduced to the scientific usage for the first time, present a unique opportunity to delve into the history of this conflict involving the higher officials of the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian embassy in ConstantinopleВ статье рассматривается малоизвестный эпизод соперничества православной и Мелкитской общин в Сирии в конце XIX века. Чтобы укрепить свое превосходство над православными, униаты предприняли попытку захватить церковь Святого Георгия в Израа, один из старейших христианских храмов в регионе. Для православной общины он представлял угрозу, исходящую от более богатого врага, поддерживаемого Римским престолом и французским посольством. Единственным союзником, на которого Антиохийский патриархат мог опереться в борьбе за свою идентичность, была Российская Империя, традиционный защитник православных арабов на Ближнем Востоке. Документы из архива иностранных дел Российской Империи, введены в научный оборот впервые, уникальная возможность углубиться в историю этого конфликта с участием высших должностных лиц в Османской империи, а также российского посольства в Константинополе.

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

Accounting Practices Concerning the Boris Family Business in Brazil: 1882–1896

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Adolfo Henrique Coutinho e Silva ◽  
Amaury José Rezende ◽  
Flávia Zóboli Dalmácio ◽  
José Paulo Cosenza
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to provide a general narrative of the accounting practices of the company Boris Frères & Co. Ltd., popularly known as “Casa Boris,” which played an important role in the trade practices in Brazil's history in the late 19th century. To accomplish this objective, the authors reviewed and summarized the company's account books, accounting records, and other documents from 1882 to 1896, focusing on the usefulness of the accounting practices adopted and identifying the economic and legal factors that influenced its accounting system at the time. The findings constitute important records of Brazil's accounting history in the 19th century and provide evidence concerning the levels of development and adequacy of the accounting practices adopted by Brazilian commercial firms in the period. JEL Classifications: F13; M10; N00; N76.

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