scholarly journals The Image of the Snow Maiden in the Sketches of Costumes for the Russian Theater of the Late 19th Century: Paths of Evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
С.К. Зауст
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Accurate Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Peasant Women ◽  
The 19Th Century

В исследовании на основе эскизов костюмов для постановок пьесы «Снегурочка» А. Н. Островского выявляются основные тенденции эволюции образа главной героини на протяжении последней четверти XIX в. Художественное изучение эскизов русских художников-станковистов этого периода и обращение к результатам исследований в области истории народного и сценического костюма, этнографии, биографическим изысканиям позволило рассмотреть изменение облика костюма Снегурочки от первых постановок пьесы (1873) до врубелевского воплощения (1890). Анализируемый образ развивался путем отказа от «художественного подхода», присущего русскому академизму (М. Клодий), последующего обращения к интерпретации В. М. Васнецова, в которой Снегурочка оказалась наиболее точным выражением идеала русской красоты, а затем – к народной романтизации, проявившейся в эскизах Н. К. фон Бооля и М. А. Врубеля. Трактовка В. М. Васнецова установила новый «сказочный канон», сохраняемый в театральном и киноискусстве до сих пор. The aim of the study is to identify the ways and features of the transformation of the fairytale image of the Snow Maiden (the main heroine of the play of the same name by Alexander Ostrovsky) in the conditions of the Russian stage of the late 19th century. The work was carried out on the basis of sketches of stage costumes created by Russian easel painters of the late 19th century. Other important sources were studies in the field of the history of Russian painting and scenography, the history of folk and stage costumes, ethnography; biographical research on Viktor Vasnetsov; Ostrovsky’s diaries. The core of the research was an evolutionary approach, which eventually made it possible to achieve the aim of the study. A comparative historical method was used for discovering the similarity between the motives reflected in the images of the Snow Maiden in the analyzed sketches and Russian folk ornaments of the 19th century that decorated the traditional costumes of Russian peasant women. In the course of the study, the appearance of the Snow Maiden’s costume was analyzed. From how it was shown in the sketches for the first productions of Ostrovsky’s play in the Bolshoi and Maly Theaters (sketches by M. P. Klodt) to the image of the heroine captured in the relief drawing by Mikhail Vrubel. Particular attention was paid to Vasnetsov’s interpretation, in which the image was successfully correlated with the traditional motives that existed in the folk ornament and embroidery of the Russian North. The characteristic features of the image of later authors (Nikolay von Bool and Mikhail Vrubel) were revealed. The later incarnations of the image were studied (for example, in Soviet cinema at the end of the 20th century). It has been established that a sketch of a stage costume solves the problem of the structure of the embodied image, it is an illustration of the author’s artistic beliefs and (in the case of reaching a certain level of artistic perfection) is a guideline for determining the technology of creating a costume. It has been determined that sketches made by old masters of Russian theatrical costume have a special artistic value and expressiveness. The leader among the masters, according to the author, is Vasnetsov, the creator of the authentic, perfect graphics of the Russian folk costume. The image of the Snow Maiden on the Russian stage of the late 19th century developed from the “artistic approach” characteristic of Russian academism and implemented in the works of M. P. Klodt to the most accurate expression of the ideal of Russian beauty embodied by Vasnetsov and further towards popular romanticization (von Bool and Vrubel).

scholarly journals Research of the History of Inter-Religious Relations in Ukraine in the Kyiv Theological Academy (Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Luidmila Pastushenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the first attempt of a complete and systematic analysis of historic and theological publications of teachers and pupils of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th – beginning of 20th century in the field of studying the history of relations of Catholicism and Protestantism with Orthodox on the Ukrainian lands. The specifics of Kyiv academic historians studies was determined by the social and-political circumstances in the middle of the 19th century and denoted by an attempt to comprehend this issue in the perspective of the history of interconfessional relations of two Western Christian traditions with the eastern tradition of Orthodoxy in the historical gap of the 16th – 17th centuries – the period of the largest confrontation in confessional relations in Ukraine. The author clarifies the characteristic features of researching the question of inter-confessional interaction in the 15th – 17th centuries, which are expressed in attempts to describe the coexistence of three denominations as multidimensional and provoking а variety of different interpretations. Historical studies present the attempt to show confessional interaction in the political and legal aspects and to provide historical interpretations to the ground of philosophy of history. The article proves the tendency of Kyiv academic researchers to move away from the established Russian historiography of the 19th century view at confessional relations in Ukraine through the prism of hard confrontation and outline in religious life Ukraine conditions and circumstances of inter-confessional dialogue. Also, historians in their studies repeatedly note the significant educational and outlook influence of Western Christian denominations on the formation of educational, cultural, theological, literary traditions in Ukraine.

Habits of Thought and Judgement: E. A. Freeman on Historical Methods

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Paul
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Methods

Why did E. A. Freeman’s The Methods of Historical Study (1886) meet with mostly negative responses from late 19th-century American and Continental European historians? This essay argues that while Freeman adopted the language of ‘historical methods’ that was becoming customary in the 1880s, he did not understand the term to refer to techniques of source criticism, as many of his contemporaries did, but to a comparative method firmly rooted in Thomas Arnold’s unity of history doctrine. Confusingly, then, Freeman’s method promoted a philosophy of history of the kind that, by the 1880s, was increasingly rejected in the name of historical method. It is not without irony, therefore, that The Methods of Historical Study was sometimes mistaken for a methodology manual like Ernst Bernheim’s Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (1889) and as such found wanting by historians interested in the newest techniques of source criticism.

THE BEGINNINGS OF ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT FOR UKRAINIAN ACADEMIC VOCAL PERFORMING

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
A. K. Tereshchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Vocal Art ◽  
Opera Singers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Creative Life

The purpose of this article is disclosing genic underground for germination and evolution of Ukrainian academic vocal performing. The target of this investigation is also revealing the most characteristic features of domestic vocal tradition into the stage concerning to formation of Ukrainian professional vocal art. The methodology of this exploration is formed by researcher on the basis employment of historical method, which connects with studying definite biographical information of Ukrainian academic singers. The systematic manner has the specific significance for special formation the investigative sequence of Ukrainian performers’ the most characteristic vocal criterions. The structurally analytical method26allows to hold out the logic of scientific disquisition, its structure and to texture the general conclusions. The scientific newness of the presented article is determined by appeal to phenomenon of Ukrainian vocal academic art into its stage beginning and further evolutional development. The discovering of not renowned facts from creative life of celebrated Ukrainian singers namely Mykola Ivanov, Semen Hulak-Artemovsky, Alexander Mishug, Kamil Everardy, Alexander Korobeychenko, Anatoly Solovyanenko and Lyudmila Yurchenko is novelty into the scientific work. Conclusions. The world famous creation of Ukrainian opera singers specifically Mykola Ivanov and Semen Hulak-Artemovsky is genic foundation of Ukrainian academic vocal performing. Namely these artists, from the middle of the 19th century, began its approving and passing to descendants on the highest professional level. The permanent connect with Italian vocal tradition as well as Ukrainian-Italian concert-creative relationships are the most peculiar traits, the characterological features of domestic vocal performing, into the stage organization of Ukrainian vocal art’s phenomenon. The successors of such a type art events in the 20th century were celebrated performers, exactly the singers and teachers Alexander Mishug, Kamil Everard, Alexander Korobeychenko, Anatoly Solovyanenko, Lyudmila Yurchenko and others.

South African English as a late 19th-century extraterritorial variety

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Bekker
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Standard Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Characteristic Features

This article argues that the external history of South African English (SAfE) points towards the merits of conceptualizing SAfE as the product of a three-stage koinéization process, the last stage of which takes place contemporaneously with the establishment of Johannesburg. This is at odds with the standard position, which views SAfE as an early-to-mid 19th-century variety with its characteristic features having been fixed during the earlier colonization of the Cape and Natal. This reconceptualization is, in turn, usefully employed to solve Trudgill’s (2004) so-called “South African puzzle’’: in essence, the postulation of SAfE as a late 19th-century English explains why START-Backing has occurred in SAfE but not in the closely related Australasian varieties.

scholarly journals The Fate of the Epistolary Heritage of the Veliky Ustyug Merchant Family Buldakovs of the Late 18th – the First Quarter of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Ovchinnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Language Characteristic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the history of the epistolary heritage of the Buldakov merchant family. The object of the research is letters of M. M. Buldakov, a representative of the Veliky Ustyug merchants, the leading director of the Russian-American company. These documents contain valuable information on the history of Russian merchants in the last quarter of the 18th – first third of the 19th century and the activities of the Russian-American company. Similar to all sources of epistolary genre, their distinctive feature is that they were created without additional edits and censorship and thereby recorded historical reality at first hand, while retaining the style and language characteristic of the period. The main problem faced by historians is patchy location of M. M. Buldakov’s letters. Currently, only a part of them, stored in the Vologda State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, has been published and introduced into scientific use. The documents scattered across other archives are yet to be identified and examined. The purpose of this study is to determine the true volume of the Buldakovs' epistolary heritage, to understand the reasons for its fragmentation, and to trace the movement of documents from one owner to another. This is the first attempt to restore the path of epistolaries from the pre-revolutionary family archive to modern archives, which determines the scientific novelty of the work. The methodological basis of the research is principles of historicism, consistency, and objectivity. This makes it possible to consolidate the scattered information and facts testifying to the movement of M. M. Buldakov’s papers. The analytical and synthetic method of comparing data provides an opportunity to see the general picture of letters location, while concrete-historical method allows us to describe the facts in historical sequence. We managed to identify three large collections of letters: in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Historical and Documentary Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the Vologda State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The results of this study provide a unified picture of the epistolaries location in different archives, which, in turn, provides an opportunity for historians and archivists to continue their work on identifying and introducing into scientific use of documents necessary for further study of the history of Russian merchants and the Russian-American company activities.

scholarly journals THE ARTIST A. N. MOKRITSKY IN ITALY IN THE 1840S: LANDSCAPE ART EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Elena A. Sharova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Landscape Art ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Art Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Art Schools

The paper explores the art works of A. N. Mokritsky, the painter who lived in Italy in the 1840s and had a strong passion for landscape painting. Being taught by A. G. Venecianov first and then graduating from the Imperial Academy of Arts under K. P. Bryullov, he himself followed the path of teaching and became an outstanding person in the Russian Art History of the second third of the 19th century. Mokritsky came to be known as a painter of an average talent who didn’t leave a distinctive mark on the national art. However, it was him who as a presumable representative of the artistic milieu became an indicator of the changes taking place in this art environment. The article provides a picture of years Mokritsky spent in Italy which is the most important period of his professional development and a prominent time of the Roman colony of the Russian artists as well. The author considers the artist’s close interaction not only with members of the Russian colony in Rome, but also with representatives of European art schools. Involving of archival materials and literary sources allowed to substantially supplement information about the life and work of Mokritsky during his trip abroad. Upon analysis of a significantly expanded list of landscape works created by the artist in this period, the author identified a number of characteristic features of the Italian landscape of the 40s of the 19th century taking into account the works of other painters.

scholarly journals KAZAN SCIENTIST MOHAMMED ABDUL KARIM AND TURKISH PHILOSOPHER HILMI ZIYA ULKEN

Al-Farabi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Aytek Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the creativity and activities of the Kazan scientist Damulla Mohammed Abdulkarim Hazrat and his great-grandson Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Damulla Muhamamad Abdulkarim Hazrat was known in Kazan in the 19th century as a religious figure and cleric (mudarris). Here are the differences in views between Muhammad Abdulkarim and the famous contemporary Muslim theologian and orientalist Shigabutdin Mardjani in terms of their religious views. In the article, from the point of view of a systematic approach and a historical method, the reasons for the disagreements created under the influence of time and events were considered, in connection with which Sh. Marjani spoke from the position of a reformist scientist in relation to the ideas of the conservative scientist Muhammad Abdulkarim. The article notes that Kazan scientists had relations with the Ottoman state in the 19th century, and the resettlement of Muhammad Abdulkarim to Istanbul with his family took place in 1863. Here, after his move to Istanbul, the Ottoman state paid him and seven members of his family a salary, which was noted in the documents of those times. In this document, Muhammad Abdulkarim was presented as a scientist of scholars and a creator of good deeds. The article says that the granddaughter of Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazrat - Musfika khanum (1881-1978) was the mother of Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Hilmi Zia Ulken (1901-1974) made a great contribution to the development of science and philosophy in Turkey with his works. The study examines the rich creative heritage of Hilmi Zia Ulken, presents the researches of the scientist on the history of Eastern philosophy, in particular, religion. The article says that the thinker presented the Koran as a valuable source, which is both sacred and vital for the ideology of all Muslims, especially the Turkic peoples living in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Hilmi Zia Ulken regarded the emergence of human religions as a revolutionary event, showing that these religions teach humanity to spiritual uplift and improvement. The study says that religious and philosophical issues also play an important role in the work of Hilmi Ziya Ulken, who, like his great-grandfather, Kazan cleric Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazret, became famous for his works in various fields of science.

scholarly journals WOMEN ARTISTS OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE AT THE SUNSET OF IMPERIAL CHINA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Xiaoqin ◽  
Haji Baharudin bin Haji Mohd Arus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Women Artists ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Women's Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Male Discourse ◽  
The 19Th Century

Increasing attention to the history of Chinese women artists gives further impetus to re-evaluation of their artistic contribution. Here I focus on developments in women’s art in the later part of the 19th century, entering into an interrogation of the assumption that the century had witnessed its decline in tandem with the decline of the Imperial China itself. A focus of the article is the 2017 Zhejiang exhibition, which has served to further intensify the imperative for research. Adopting a perspective based on gender and class, this paper examines the work of the female Chinese artists of the late 19th century both in the traditional Jiangnan area, which had been the epicentre of culture and economy, and in the newly developing trade areas, most notably Shanghai. There a vibrant art market emerged, bringing significant opportunities for women artists from broader social strata. This dynamic is illustrated by the particular example of Ren Xia. In these circumstances significant changes took place in the context of the presence of continuity in women’s aesthetic production, while a traditional male discourse remained hegemonic.

scholarly journals Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Gintarė Judžentytė
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc. Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian: 1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described; he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.

Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teshale Tibebu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
National Question ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of Ethiopia during the 19th century involved three fundamental processes: (1) the Zämänä Mäsafənt (Era of Princes) and its coming to an end under Kassa Häylu, later Emperor Tewodros II; (2) the repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia, culminating in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896; and (3) Mənilək’s territorial expansion and conquest of what is now southern Ethiopia during the last quarter of the 19th century in campaigns known as agär maqnat. These three distinct, yet related, processes laid the foundations for the making of modern Ethiopia. The end of the Zämänä Mäsafənt was a key factor in centralizing state power in the hands of the emperors of Ethiopia. It enabled consolidating the power of the regional lords under the emperor, which in turn played a critical role in confronting Egypt and Italy’s colonial intrusions in the late 19th century. Mənilək’s territorial conquests in the south further strengthened the state, garnering vast human and material resources that played a critical role in the Ethiopian victory at the Battle of Adwa. All three processes worked in tandem: the end of the Zämänä Mäsafənt created a strong centralized state; such a state succeeded in nipping in the bud the colonial invasions of Egypt and Italy; and the successes of the agär maqnat campaigns added to the overall strength of the country. It also laid the ground for the problems of the 20th century, chief among them being the “national question.”

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