Phrase Structure and Movement in Japanese

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoru Saito
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Discourse Particles ◽  
Nominal Structure ◽  
Clausal Comparatives ◽  
The Right ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
Operator Movement

Japanese exhibits some unique features with respect to phrase structure and movement. It is well-known that its phrase structure is strictly head-final. It also provides ample evidence that a sentence may have more complex structure than its surface form suggests. Causative sentences are the best-known example of this. They appear to be simple sentences with verbs accompanying the causative suffix, -sase. But the causative suffix is an independent verb and takes a small clause vP complement in the syntactic representation. Japanese sentences can have a rich structure in the right periphery. For example, embedded clauses may contain up to three overt complementizers, corresponding to Finite (no), Interrogative (ka), and Report/Force (to). Matrix clauses may end in a sequence of discourse particles, such as wa, yo, and ne. Each of the complementizers and discourse particles has a selectional requirement of its own. More research is required to settle on the functional heads in the nominal structure. Among the controversial issues are whether D is present and whether Case markers should be analyzed as independent heads. Various kinds of movement operations are observed in the language. NP-movement to the subject position takes place in passive and unaccusative sentences, and clausal comparatives and clefts are derived by operator-movement. Scrambling is a unique movement operation that should be distinguished from both NP-movement and operator-movement. It does not establish operator-variable relations but is not subject to the locality requirements imposed on NP-movement. It cannot be PF-movement as it creates new binding possibilities. It is still debated whether head movement, for example, the movement of verb to tense, takes place in the language.

How Antisymmetric Is Syntax?

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Takano
Keyword(s):  
Linear Order ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Polarity Items ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
The Right

Since the emergence of Kayne's (1994) stimulating proposal for an antisymmetric theory of phrase structure and linear order, much work has been devoted to arguing for or against his theory as well as discussing its empirical predictions. As a result, for a number of phenomena involving rightward positioning, such as rightward adjuncts, heavy NP shift, extraposition, postverbal subjects, and postverbal constituents in OV languages, there now exist both an approach consistent with Kayne's theory (the antisymmetric approach) and another not consistent with it (the symmetric approach). In such a situation, it is often difficult to show on empirical grounds that one approach is superior to the other (see Rochemont and Culicover 1997). In what follows, I describe this situation with respect to two well-known phenomena in English: rightward positioning of adjuncts and heavy NP shift. For each of these phenomena, the symmetric and antisymmetric approaches have been proposed, and both approaches can correctly account for the data discussed in previous studies. Here, I examine the approaches from a novel point of view, showing that data involving the licensing of negative polarity items allow us to differentiate them and to decide which is the right one for each of the two empirical domains. Interestingly, the relevant facts lead to different conclusions for the two phenomena. The results have important implications for the antisymmetric view of syntax.

scholarly journals NOMINALISASI BAHASA BALI (BB)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
I Wayan Saryana
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Folk Tales ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Nominal Structure

[Title: Nominalization in Balinese Language] The study deal with the process of nominal formation (nominalization) and Nominal structure of Balinese language. The data being analyzed is obtained from the researcher’s intuition that is the gained from language potency of the researcher as a native Balinese speaker. In addition, the data was also gained from Balinese texts such as novels, short stories, and folk tales. As a reference in analyzing the data it is applied X-bar theory developed by N, Chomsky and his adherers from the beginning of 1970-s. The most important essence of this theory is that every phrase structure has head. In other words, that every phrase structure is endocentric in nature. At the initial phrase, this theory was developed to describe phrasal category, then it was applied for clausal level. Recently, this theory is applied to analyze word level (Xo). Nouns in Balinese can be base and derived nouns. Derived nouns can be formed through some process: affixation, compounding, reduplication, and derivation of clauses. Nouns in Balinese can place syntactical functions such as subject, predicate, object, complement, and adverb.

scholarly journals La participación de los trabajadores en materia de prevención de riesgos laborales

2009 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
María Purificación García Miguélez
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Private Domain

El derecho de participación reconocido a los trabajadores para la organización y planificación de las actividades de prevención en las empresas entraña una estructura compleja en diferentes ámbitos. En primer lugar, respecto al dominio privado e interno, integrado por una participación directa e individualizada de los trabajadores en entidades de plantillas reducidas, o un procedimiento indirecto, colectivo o representativo, en el caso de empresas con un número suficiente de trabajadores para elegir representantes (tanto a través de una representación general -unitaria o sindical- como de una especializada -delegados de prevención y comité de seguridad y salud-). Son analizados tanto el aspecto "orgánico" (esto es, los órganos representativos precisos para un correcto ejercicio) como el "funcional" (es decir,las facultades y competencias a desempeñar), así como las diferencias para ejercer los derechos de información y de consulta, todo ello a fin determinar el órgano de representación más idóneo en cada caso. En segundo lugar, y en relación con el marco de actuación público, el derecho puede ser denominado de participación representativa e institucional, pues es llevada a cabo en diferentes órganos administrativos y fundaciones sectoriales, siendo los sindicatos más representativos responsables de su correcto ejercicio.<br /><br />The right that is recognized to workers in order to participate in the organization and planning of prevention activities in enterprises entails a complex structure related to different scopes. Firstly, related to the internal and private domain, consisting in a direct and individualized participation of workers in those entities of small size in staff, or an indirect, collective or representative procedure, in case of enterprises with a number of workers enough to elect representatives (either a general delegation -unit and trade union- or a specialized one -prevention risks delegates and committee on security and health-). The "organic" aspect (i.e. representative organs required to a proper practice) and the "functional" one (i.e. faculties and competences to be performed) are both under analysis. Differences to exercise the rights on information and consultation are also considered, all in order to determine the most suitable representative organ in each case. Secondly, related to the public framework, the right could be so-called representative and institucional participation, as it is performed in different administrative organs and sectorial foundations, the most representative trade unions as responsible for a proper exercise.

scholarly journals The role of the basolateral amygdala in the perception of faces in natural contexts

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1693) ◽  
pp. 20150376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud Hortensius ◽  
David Terburg ◽  
Barak Morgan ◽  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Jack van Honk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Context Processing ◽  
The Right

The amygdala is a complex structure that plays its role in perception and threat-related behaviour by activity of its specific nuclei and their separate networks. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the role of the basolateral amygdala in face and context processing. Five individuals with focal basolateral amygdala damage and 12 matched controls viewed fearful or neutral faces in a threatening or neutral context. We tested the hypothesis that basolateral amygdala damage modifies the relation between face and threatening context, triggering threat-related activation in the dorsal stream. The findings supported this hypothesis. First, activation was increased in the right precentral gyrus for threatening versus neutral scenes in the basolateral amygdala damage group compared with the control group. Second, activity in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, and left anterior inferior parietal lobule was enhanced for neutral faces presented in a threatening versus neutral scene in the group with basolateral amygdala damage compared with controls. These findings provide the first evidence for the neural consequences of basolateral amygdala damage during the processing of complex emotional situations.

The Legal Construction of Financial Liabilities: Conceptual Bases of Formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Наталья Омелёхина ◽  
Natalya Omelekhina
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Target Orientation ◽  
Target Characteristic ◽  
Direct Target ◽  
Legal Construction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Financial Liability

In this article the legal construction is considered as a method of cognition, interpretation of law and as means of law-making technique at the same time. The author outlines the legal construction of the financial liability and provides with its structural and substantive description. The author offers to consider the legal construction of the financial liability as an inter-branch construction that combines private law constructions and public law constructions of monetary obligations. The majority of these constructions have a complex structure, where each party has the right to claim the completion of obligations and duty to complete these obligations at the same time. In this case, the majority of studied constructions of civil obligations are characterized by counter retribution while public law constructions by counter gratuitousness. The structural elements of this inter-branch construction are subjects, object and conditions of the obligation. The paper analyzes maintenance of selected structural elements. Using the method of scientific abstraction it is proposed to allocate General and Special conditions of financial liabilities. Special conditions of financial liabilities depend on the peculiarities of private law and public law regulations and on target orientation of liabilities (on the formation or on the expenditure of public funds). The author focuses on the target characteristic of structural elements of financial liabilities legal constructions. It is proposed to allocate the total and the direct target orientation of the financial liability.

Endovascular trapping of giant serpentine aneurysms by using Guglielmi detachable coils. Successful reduction of mass effect

2001 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 836-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goro Otsuka ◽  
Shigeru Miyachi ◽  
Takashi Handa ◽  
Makoto Negoro ◽  
Takeshi Okamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Collateral Flow ◽  
Guglielmi Detachable Coils ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Option ◽  
Detachable Coils ◽  
The Right

✓ Giant serpentine aneurysms (GSAs) are defined as partially thrombosed giant aneurysms with persistent serpentine vascular channels. Surgical management of these rare lesions is difficult because of their large size, complex structure, and unique hemodynamics. The authors report two cases of patients harboring GSAs with mass effect, which were managed effectively with endovascular treatment. The first patient was a 48-year-old man who presented with left homonymous hemianopsia caused by a GSA involving the terminal portion of the right internal carotid artery. The second patient, a 10-year-old boy, presented with tetraparesis from compression of the cervicomedullary junction by a GSA of the right vertebral artery. In each case, after confirming collateral flow by temporarily occluding the proximal artery, the aneurysm was trapped by placement of Guglielmi detachable coils at the sites at which the serpentine channels entered and exited the aneurysm. The midportion of each channel was isolated completely without packing, to maximize resorption of the devascularized mass. Mass effect and clinical symptoms rapidly improved in both cases, with no associated morbidity. We recommend endovascular trapping as a safe and effective therapeutic option for GSAs.

scholarly journals Lateralized deficits in arousal processing after insula lesions: behavioral and autonomic evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Holtmann ◽  
Marcel Franz ◽  
Constanze Moenig ◽  
Jan-Gerd Tenberge ◽  
Insa Schlossmacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Emotional Deficits ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
The Right

A large body of evidence ascribes a pivotal role in emotion processing to the insular cortex. However, the complex structure and lateralization of emotional deficits following insular damage are not understood. Here, we investigated emotional ratings of valence and arousal and skin conductance responses (SCR) to a graded series of emotionally arousing scenes in patients with left (n = 10) or right (n = 9) insular damage and in healthy controls (n = 18). We found a significant reduction in overall SCRs, arousal ratings and valence extremity scores in right-lesioned patients, as compared to left-lesioned patients and healthy controls. Additional analyses of correlations between subjective arousal ratings resp. SCR and normative arousal ratings revealed that both lesion groups had evaluative and physiological difficulties to discover changes in stimulus arousal. Although no group differences emerged on overall ratings of valence, analysis of correlations between subjective and normative valence ratings displayed markedly reduced accuracy in right-lesioned patients, as compared to left-lesioned patients and healthy controls. Our findings support the hypothesis that the left and right insulae subserve different functions in emotion processing, potentially due to asymmetrical representations of autonomic information in the left and right human forebrain. The right insula may serve as integral node for sympathetic arousal and cognitive affective processing.

The Development of Latin Clause Structure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieven Danckaert
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Latin Word ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Language Universal ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Order Four

The focus of this book is Latin word order, and in particular the relative ordering of direct objects and lexical verbs (OV vs. VO), and auxiliaries and non-finite verbs (VAux vs. AuxV). One aim of the book is to offer a first detailed, corpus-based description of these two word order alternations, with special emphasis on their diachronic development in the period from ca. 200 BC until 600 AD. The corpus data reveal that some received wisdom needs to be reconsidered. For one thing, there is no evidence for any major increase in productivity of the order VO during the eight centuries under investigation. In addition, the order AuxV only becomes more frequent in clauses with a modal verb and an infinitive, not in clauses with a BE-auxiliary and a past participle. A second goal is to answer a more fundamental question about Latin syntax, namely whether or not the language is ‘configurational’, in the sense that a phrase structure grammar (with ‘higher-order constituents’ such as verb phrases) is needed to describe and analyse facts of Latin word order. Four pieces of evidence are presented which suggest that Latin is indeed a fully configurational language, despite its high degree of word order flexibility. Specifically, it is shown that there is ample evidence for the existence of a verb phrase constituent. The book thus contributes to the ongoing debate whether configurationality (phrase structure) is a language universal or not.

Origins of verb-second in Old High German

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Axel-Tober
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Operator Movement

This chapter investigates the characteristics of the left sentence periphery in Old High German. In the earlier OHG prose texts we still find some archaic characteristics of a non- or pre-verb-second grammar. These include residual and partly productive features of a non-conflated C-domain arguably inherited from Proto-Germanic or even Proto-Indo-European. On the other hand, there is ample evidence that the precursor of the so-called prefield position already existed in OHG and that it was already a target for both operator movement and Stylistic Fronting. All these phenomena shed interesting light on the question of which syntactic steps the language had to take in order consolidate its verb-second grammar.

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