2. Close inspection
‘Close inspection’ explains that at the core of materials science is the understanding of the internal structure of materials. If we don’t understand the internal structure we shall struggle to explain or to predict material behaviour. If we want to alter the behaviour to make better materials, we probably need to re-engineer the architecture inside. This understanding has been made possible with the development of microscopy, beginning in the 17th century with Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Development of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopes has provided atomic resolution leading to improved crystallography and lattice theories for 3-dimensional crystals. Two-dimensional crystals such as graphene and 1-dimensional carbon nanotubes are also described.