3. The work of slavery

2014 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Heather Andrea Williams
Keyword(s):  
Slave Trade ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Textile Mills ◽  
The North ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
North And South ◽  
Meaningful Lives

‘The work of slavery’ describes the wide range of work and duties allocated to enslaved people—men, women, and children—in the North and South. From the 1600s to 1865 the vast majority worked in agriculture producing the cash crops that generated the wealth of the nation. The slave trade created mass consumer markets that traded sugarcane, sugar, rum, molasses, tobacco, indigo, coffee, rice, and cotton. Slavery also existed in urban spaces, where people worked in owner's homes and in commercial enterprises performing domestic duties or skilled work in factories and textile mills. Many enslaved people took great pride in their work—it sustained their egos and their need to have meaningful lives.

Humanitarianism’s Markets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Urban
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Immigrant Labor ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Freedmen's Bureau ◽  
The North ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Abandoned Lands

Chapter 2 focuses on the period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, when formerly enslaved persons, classified as “contrabands” and refugees, were placed as domestic workers in northern households. The involvement of the Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and Abandoned Lands (the Freedmen’s Bureau) in the placement of refugees as servants prefigured the federal government’s expanded role as a broker of immigrant labor in the decades that followed, yet proved controversial. Designed to reduce government expenditures on the relief of refugees in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere, the Freedmen’s Bureau’s financing of black servants’ migration was viewed with skepticism by detractors who claimed that it revived—under the thin veneer of “free” labor—a version of the slave trade. Due to insufficient federal funding, the reluctance of black refugees to relocate to uncertain job situations in the North, and constant questions about its efficacy, the Freedmen’s Bureau—after contracting thousands of women and children to service positions—was ultimately forced to disband this initiative.

scholarly journals Food and the State: Bioarchaeological Investigations of Diet in the Moche Valley of Perú

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Marie Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Antemortem Tooth Loss ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
North And South ◽  
Irrigation Agriculture

The Moche of north coastal Perú were among the earliest New World societies to develop state socio-political organization. The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as valleys to the north and south. Prior to the establishment of the state, a series of less hierarchical organizations were present in the valley. Irrigation agriculture has often been cited as central to development of the Moche State. To test this assertion I examined 750 individuals recovered from the largest cemetery at the site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most important occupation of Cerro Oreja was during the Gallinazo phase (AD 1-200), many individuals were interred here during the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 BC). Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection holds a key to understanding the development of one of the earliest and most extensive states in the Americas. The teeth and/or alveoli of each individual were examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss. My analysis suggests women and children did increasingly focus their diet on agricultural products. These findings seem to support the hypothesis that increased irrigation and reliance on agricultural production was fundamental to the development of the Moche state. However, men’s diets remained consistent through time. Status seems to have been of little import in determining diet before and during early periods of state development, in dramatic contrast to what we know of its importance during the zenith of the state’s power. I suggest that increasing differentiation of gender roles was important to the development of the state, and that gender differences may have been the most salient force in the transition to political hierarchy and social stratification in the Moche valley.

scholarly journals Inland capture fisheries

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1554) ◽  
pp. 2881-2896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Welcomme ◽  
Ian G. Cowx ◽  
David Coates ◽  
Christophe Béné ◽  
Simon Funge-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Inland Fisheries ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South ◽  
Land Use Practices

The reported annual yield from inland capture fisheries in 2008 was over 10 million tonnes, although real catches are probably considerably higher than this. Inland fisheries are extremely complex, and in many cases poorly understood. The numerous water bodies and small rivers are inhabited by a wide range of species and several types of fisher community with diversified livelihood strategies for whom inland fisheries are extremely important. Many drivers affect the fisheries, including internal fisheries management practices. There are also many drivers from outside the fishery that influence the state and functioning of the environment as well as the social and economic framework within which the fishery is pursued. The drivers affecting the various types of inland water, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and wetlands may differ, particularly with regard to ecosystem function. Many of these depend on land-use practices and demand for water which conflict with the sustainability of the fishery. Climate change is also exacerbating many of these factors. The future of inland fisheries varies between continents. In Asia and Africa the resources are very intensely exploited and there is probably little room for expansion; it is here that resources are most at risk. Inland fisheries are less heavily exploited in South and Central America, and in the North and South temperate zones inland fisheries are mostly oriented to recreation rather than food production.

scholarly journals Orang Mentawai: Peladang Tradisional dan Ekonomi Pasar

Humanus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adri Febrianto ◽  
Erda Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Economic Anthropology ◽  
The North ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
North And South

This article describes the pattern of cultivation, production and distribution of farm fields of the Mentawai society which are based on the results of a research conducted using the perspective of economic anthropology. The study was conducted in eight hamlets. Four separate hamlets in the north and south of Siberut Island, four other separate hamlets in Sipora Island and North Pagai Island. The farming habit of planting various types of plants in the field (mone) to meet the needs of food and cash crops to be sold (commodities for exports) is not focused and can only adapt to the market price and the small quantity of harvest, individually cost them, in contrast to traders who have strategies to anticipate losses due to the fluctuation of price.Key words: traditional cultivation, market

SOILS OF MARLBOROUGH

1962 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
H.S. Gibbs ◽  
C.G. Vucetich
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South ◽  
Soil Pattern ◽  
Selection Of

Marlborough is a particularly interesting province because it is the meeting ground for the soils and the farming from the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The central Awatere and Wairau districts have a landscape succession of coastal plains, downlands, hills, inland basins, and mountain slopes with similar soils, crops, and grassland usage to Canterbury. East and west of these districts the Kaikoura and Sounds regions have extensive areas resembling those of Wellington and Wairarapa hill country in soils, grassland farming, and forestry. Further contrast to the soil pattern is added by soils formed from basaltic, ultrabasic, and limestone rocks, which outcrop over small areas. After more than 100 years of settlement the land use has become related generally to the soils, but the connection could be much closer and to greater benefit, if the soil differences were better known and applied to the selection of farm practices. With the wide range of soil occurring in Marlborough, landowners need an understanding of their soils to select where best to apply experience from other districts and how to modify their practices to suit changing economic conditions.

scholarly journals Presence of Potyvirus in the Norte de Santander department and molecular characterization of NIb protein in Colombian SCMV isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Chaves-Bedoya ◽  
Luz Yineth Ortíz-Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
And Control ◽  
North And South

Potyviruses are the largest genus of plant viruses that cause significant losses over a wide range of crops. In this paper, the presence of potyvirus in different plant crops in the provinces of Ocaña and Pamplona located in the north and south of the Department of Norte de Santander (Colombia) was evaluated with RT-PCR analysis using universal oligonucleotides specific to the region that encodes the NIB protein. The results indicate the presence of several potyvirus in Pamplona in economically important crops such as corn (Zea mays), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). In Ocaña, potyvirus was found in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), corn and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). In corn, one of the most important crops, the presence of the Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) was confirmed with nucleotide sequencing. This is the first report of this virus in the department. The presence of several potyviruses in different crops in Norte de Santander indicate an alarming phytosanitary condition that must be addressed with priority to establish detection and control systems that maximize production, ensure agricultural sustainability, and propose certification schemes and improvement programs to reduce economic losses.

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