scholarly journals Food and the State: Bioarchaeological Investigations of Diet in the Moche Valley of Perú

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Marie Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Antemortem Tooth Loss ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
North And South ◽  
Irrigation Agriculture

The Moche of north coastal Perú were among the earliest New World societies to develop state socio-political organization. The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as valleys to the north and south. Prior to the establishment of the state, a series of less hierarchical organizations were present in the valley. Irrigation agriculture has often been cited as central to development of the Moche State. To test this assertion I examined 750 individuals recovered from the largest cemetery at the site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most important occupation of Cerro Oreja was during the Gallinazo phase (AD 1-200), many individuals were interred here during the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 BC). Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection holds a key to understanding the development of one of the earliest and most extensive states in the Americas. The teeth and/or alveoli of each individual were examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss. My analysis suggests women and children did increasingly focus their diet on agricultural products. These findings seem to support the hypothesis that increased irrigation and reliance on agricultural production was fundamental to the development of the Moche state. However, men’s diets remained consistent through time. Status seems to have been of little import in determining diet before and during early periods of state development, in dramatic contrast to what we know of its importance during the zenith of the state’s power. I suggest that increasing differentiation of gender roles was important to the development of the state, and that gender differences may have been the most salient force in the transition to political hierarchy and social stratification in the Moche valley.

State-Sponsored Inequality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Agrarian Societies ◽  
Stratification System ◽  
The Many

The book explores the social economic processes of inequality produced by differential state entitlements. Drawing on uniquely rich source materials from central and local archives, the book provides an unprecedented, comprehensive view of the creation of a socio-economic and political hierarchy under the Eight Banners in the Qing dynasty in what is now Shuangcheng County, Heilongjiang province. Shuangcheng was settled by bannermen from urban Beijing and elsewhere in rural Manchuria in the nineteenth century. The state classified the immigrants into distinct categories, each associated with differentiated land entitlements. By reconstructing the history of settlement and land distribution in this county, the book shows that patterns of wealth stratification and the underlying social hierarchy were not merely imposed by the state from the top-down but created and reinforced by local people through practices on the ground. In the course of pursuing their own interests, settlers internalized the distinctions created by the state through its system of unequal land entitlements. The tensions built into the unequal land entitlements therefore shaped the identities of immigrant groups, and this social hierarchy persisted after the fall of the Qing in 1911. The book offers an in-depth understanding of the key factors that contributed to social stratification in agrarian societies in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century China. Moreover, it also sheds light on the many parallels between the stratification system in Qing-dynasty Shuangcheng and the structural inequality in contemporary China.

scholarly journals Polish Dialectal Phrasematics – the State of Research (for the Five-year Period 2015–2020), Methods and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Maciej Rak
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Research Trend ◽  
The Third ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
North And South

The article has three goals. The first is to present the history of research on Polish dialectal phrasematics. In particular, attention was paid to the last five years, i.e. the period 2015–2020. The works in question were ordered according to the dialectological key, taking into account the following dialects: Greater Polish, Masovian, Silesian, Lesser Polish, and the North and South-Eastern dialects. The second goal is to indicate the methodologies that have so far been used to describe dialectal phrasematics. Initially, component analysis was used, which was part of the structuralist research trend, later (more or less from the late 1980s) the ethnolinguistic approach, especially the description of the linguistic picture of the world, began to dominate. The third goal of the article is to provide perspectives. The author once again (as he did it in his earlier works) postulates the preparation of a dictionary of Polish dialectal phrasematics.

AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE CURIE POINT ISOTHERM IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ARIZONA

Geophysics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1394-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Byerly ◽  
R. H. Stolt
Keyword(s):  
Curie Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
The North ◽  
Curie Depth ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Central Arizona ◽  
North And South

Magnetic total intensity anomalies in northern and central Arizona have been analyzed to locate the bases of the polarized source bodies. The base of the magnetic crust is interpreted as the position of the Curie point isotherm. Results indicate a zone of shallow Curie depth (∼10 km) in a belt, about 60 km wide, running through the center of the state. This zone, near the northern border of the Basin‐Range province, is flanked on the north and south by areas of greater Curie depth (∼20 km). The results are in agreement with regional variations in [Formula: see text] velocity in Arizona.

scholarly journals Abolitionist John Brown's Treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia: A Lesson for State Governments about the Culpability of Non-Residents for Treason against the State

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Beckman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
State Government ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The North ◽  
John Brown ◽  
North And South

Abstract This article analyzes the specific issue of whether an individual could be tried for treason by a State government if that individual is not a resident or citizen of that State. This issue is analyzed through the prism of the landmark case of John Brown v. Commonwealth of Virginia, a criminal prosecution which occurred in October 1859. Brown, a resident of New York, was convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, insurrection, and murder after he attempted to overthrow the institution of slavery by force on October 16–18, 1859. After a prosecution and trial which occurred within a matter of weeks following Brown's crimes, Brown was executed on December 2, 1859. To this day, John Brown's trial and execution remains one of the leading examples of a State government exercising its power to enforce treason law on the State level and to execute an individual for that offense. Of course, the John Brown case had a major impact on American history, including being a significant factor in the presidential election of 1860 and an often-cited spark to the powder keg of tensions between the Northern and Southern States, which would erupt into a raging conflagration between the North and South in the American Civil War a short eighteen months later. However, in the legal realm, the Brown case is one of the leading and best-known examples of a state government exercising its authority to enforce its laws prohibiting treason against the State. The purpose of this article is not to discuss treason laws generally or even all the issues applicable to John Brown's trial in 1859. Rather, this article focuses only on the very specific issue of the culpability of a non-resident/non-citizen for treason against a State government. With the increased array of hostile actions against State governments in recent years, and criminal actors crossing state lines to commit these hostile acts, this article discusses an issue of importance to contemporary society, namely whether an individual can be prosecuted and convicted for treason by a State of which the defendant is not a citizen or resident.

Buddhism in the history of China in Southern and Northern kingdoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 216-225
Author(s):  
Leonid Yangutov ◽  
Marina Orbodoeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Jin ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
North And South

The article is devoted to the history of Buddhism in China during the period of the Southern and Northern Kingdoms (Nanbeichao, 386-589). The features of the development of Buddhism in the North and South are shown. Three aspects were identified: 1) the attitude of emperors of kingdoms to Buddhism; 2) the relationship of the state apparatus and the Buddhist sangha; 3) the process of further development of Buddhism in China in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, formed on the basis of the traditional worldview. It was revealed that Buddhism in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, both in the North and in the South, developed with the traditions of Buddhism of the Eastern Jin period to the same extent.

scholarly journals New records of the hairy crab Pilumnus dasypodus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pilumnidae) in Northeastern Brazil

Check List ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1563
Author(s):  
Sávio Arcanjo Santos Nascimento Moraes ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Rocha Duarte Alencar ◽  
Elena Thomsen ◽  
Fúlvio Aurélio Morais Freire
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
New Records ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The State ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
The North ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Pilumnus dasypodus is reported for the first time in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. Sampling occurred in the north and south coast of the state in four locations (the farthest about 500 km of the known south distribution of the species). This new record increases the information about the distribution of this species, showing a possible relationship between the distribution of species and the Atlantic Tropical Ecoregion.

The Other Archipelago: Kulak Deportations to the North in 1930

Slavic Review ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Viola
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Short Time

The “other archipelago” of “special setdements” was a cornerstone of the evolving gulag (Glavnoe upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei) order. Scholars have paid relatively scant attention to the special settlements, which emerged first to isolate and exploit the labor of the dekulakized peasantry and within a short time would house a variety of other state-defined social and ethnic aliens through the course of the Stalin years. This article explores the history of the other archipelago in the year 1930, its founding and perhaps most difficult year, focusing on the NortiV ern Region. It was here that the state chose to send over a quarter of a million peasants, the single largest contingent of dekulakized peasant families in 1930. Against this icy backdrop, the special setders—men, women, and children—built the villages of the other archipelago within the wilderness.

scholarly journals REGISTROS DEL TAYRA (Eira barbara Linneanus 1758) EN EL ESTADO DE HIDALGO, MÉXICO

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatan Job Morales García ◽  
Angel Daen Morales García ◽  
José Manuel Chame Cruz
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
The State ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Southern Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Biological Corridor ◽  
Eira Barbara ◽  
The Town ◽  
North And South

AbstractIn this note we present the first records of the tayra (Eira barbara Linneanus 1758) documented in two different places within the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The first ocurred in 2013 in the southern part of the state, in the Sierra Otomi-Tepehua region within the Zicatlán town in the municipality of Huehuetla, when an individual was captured in a fragmented evergreen tropical forest. The second record was registred in 2014 through the identification of individuals in five photographs taken in the north of Hidalgo, in the Sierra Gorda cloud forest within the town of San Cristobal in the municipality of La Misión. New records confirm the presence of the tayra in Hidalgo and is evident that some areas of the state have suitable conditions for this species. The records ocurred north and south of the state, for this region gathers appropiate characteristics as a biological corridor for the species. We consider that due to their charateristics these areas are favorable as landscape to connect the northern and southern population of the species in central Mexico. Results suggest that it is necessary to increase the knowledge of this species distribution, in order to identify appropriate strategies for their conservation in Mexico.Keywords: Conservation, Hidalgo, Sierra Otomí-Tepehua, Sierra Gorda hidalguense, Eira barbara.

3. The work of slavery

2014 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Heather Andrea Williams
Keyword(s):  
Slave Trade ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Textile Mills ◽  
The North ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
North And South ◽  
Meaningful Lives

‘The work of slavery’ describes the wide range of work and duties allocated to enslaved people—men, women, and children—in the North and South. From the 1600s to 1865 the vast majority worked in agriculture producing the cash crops that generated the wealth of the nation. The slave trade created mass consumer markets that traded sugarcane, sugar, rum, molasses, tobacco, indigo, coffee, rice, and cotton. Slavery also existed in urban spaces, where people worked in owner's homes and in commercial enterprises performing domestic duties or skilled work in factories and textile mills. Many enslaved people took great pride in their work—it sustained their egos and their need to have meaningful lives.

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