scholarly journals Transporting subgroup analyses of randomized trials for planning implementation of new interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha L Mehrotra ◽  
Daniel Westreich ◽  
M Maria Glymour ◽  
Elvin Geng ◽  
David V Glidden
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Numbers Needed To Treat ◽  
Specific Subgroup ◽  
Rigorous Framework ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Subgroup analyses of randomized controlled trials guide resource allocation and implementation of new interventions by identifying groups of individuals who are likely to benefit most from the intervention. Unfortunately, trial populations are rarely representative of the target populations of public health or clinical interest; unless the relevant differences between trial and target populations are accounted for, subgroup results from trials might not reflect which groups in the target population will benefit most from the intervention. Transportability provides a rigorous framework for applying results derived in potentially highly selected study populations to external target populations. The method requires that researchers measure and adjust for all variables that (1) modify the effect of interest and (2) differ between the target and trial populations. To date, applications of transportability have focused on the external validity of overall study results and understanding within-trial heterogeneity; but this approach has not yet been used for subgroup analyses of trials. Through an example from the iPrEx study of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, we illustrate how transporting subgroup analyses can produce target-specific subgroup effect estimates and numbers needed to treat. This approach may lead to more tailored and accurate guidance for resource allocation and cost-effectiveness analyses.

Potential Benefits of Animal-Detecting Automatic Emergency Braking Systems Based on U.S. Driving Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110124
Author(s):  
Jeremy A. Decker ◽  
Samantha H. Haus ◽  
Rini Sherony ◽  
Hampton C. Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Crash Characteristics

In 2015, there were 319,195 police reported vehicle-animal crashes, resulting in 275 vehicle occupant fatalities. Animal-detecting automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems are a promising active safety measure which could potentially avoid or mitigate many of these crashes by warning the driver, utilizing automatic braking, or both. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a target population of vehicle-animal crashes applicable to AEB systems and to analyze the potential benefits of an animal-detecting AEB system. The study was based on two nationally representative databases, Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the National Automotive Sampling System’s General Estimates System, and a naturalistic driving study, SHRP 2. The target population was restricted to vehicle-animal crashes that were forward impacts or road departures and involved cars and light trucks, with no loss of control. Crash characteristics which may influence the performance of AEB such as lighting, weather, pre-crash movement, relation to junction, and first and worst harmful events, were analyzed. The study found that the major influences on the effectiveness of animal AEB systems were: weather, lighting, pre-crash movements, and the crash location. Six potential target populations were used to analyze the potential effectiveness of an animal AEB system, with effectiveness ranging between 21.6% and 97% of police reported crashes and between 4.1% and 50.8% of fatal vehicle-animal crashes. An AEB system’s ability to function in low light and poor weather conditions may enable it to avoid a substantially higher proportion of crashes.

scholarly journals Modified Directly Observed Therapy for Antiretroviral Therapy: A Primer from the Field

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Goggin ◽  
Robin J. Liston ◽  
Jennifer Adelson Mitty
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Federally Funded ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Efficacy Studies

Modified directly observed therapy (mDOT), in which a portion of total doses of a medication regime is ingested under supervision, has demonstrated efficacy as an intervention to assist patients in maintaining adherence to complicated antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although findings are favorable, existing efficacy studies fail to provide sufficient detail to guide others who wish to implement mDOT interventions. The aim of this article is to provide a primer for practitioners and researchers who wish to implement mDOT interventions. Drawing on the experience of 10 federally funded research projects, we provide guidance on critical questions for program implementation, including: who should be targeted, length/duration/content/location/tapering of sessions, staffing, incentives, and approaches to data collection. In addition, guidance on staff training and minimum requirements for mDOT interventions is offered along with real-world examples of mDOT interventions. mDOT is feasible and easily adapted to many settings and target populations. Interventions should match the specific needs of the target population and setting and be flexible in terms of design and delivery. mDOT should be considered among the spectrum of adherence interventions.

scholarly journals Global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for covid-19 vaccination: descriptive study

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m4704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Qianhui Wu ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
Kaige Dong ◽  
Xinghui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractObjectiveTo provide global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vaccination to inform country specific immunisation strategies on a global scale.DesignDescriptive study.Setting194 member states of the World Health Organization.PopulationTarget populations for covid-19 vaccination based on country specific characteristics and vaccine objectives (maintaining essential core societal services; reducing severe covid-19; reducing symptomatic infections and stopping virus transmission).Main outcome measureSize of target populations for covid-19 vaccination. Estimates use country specific data on population sizes stratified by occupation, age, risk factors for covid-19 severity, vaccine acceptance, and global vaccine production. These data were derived from a multipronged search of official websites, media sources, and academic journal articles.ResultsTarget population sizes for covid-19 vaccination vary markedly by vaccination goal and geographical region. Differences in demographic structure, presence of underlying conditions, and number of essential workers lead to highly variable estimates of target populations at regional and country levels. In particular, Europe has the highest share of essential workers (63.0 million, 8.9%) and people with underlying conditions (265.9 million, 37.4%); these two categories are essential in maintaining societal functions and reducing severe covid-19, respectively. In contrast, South East Asia has the highest share of healthy adults (777.5 million, 58.9%), a key target for reducing community transmission. Vaccine hesitancy will probably impact future covid-19 vaccination programmes; based on a literature review, 68.4% (95% confidence interval 64.2% to 72.6%) of the global population is willing to receive covid-19 vaccination. Therefore, the adult population willing to be vaccinated is estimated at 3.7 billion (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 4.1 billion).ConclusionsThe distribution of target groups at country and regional levels highlights the importance of designing an equitable and efficient plan for vaccine prioritisation and allocation. Each country should evaluate different strategies and allocation schemes based on local epidemiology, underlying population health, projections of available vaccine doses, and preference for vaccination strategies that favour direct or indirect benefits.

scholarly journals Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in the Prevention of HIV: Strategies, Target Populations and Upcoming Treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol Volume 12 ◽  
pp. 283-293
Author(s):  
Ayşe Elif Özdener-Poyraz ◽  
Malgorzata Slugocki ◽  
Julie Kalabalik-Hoganson ◽  
Jayoung Han
Keyword(s):  
Target Populations ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

scholarly journals Association between angiotensinogen T174M polymorphism and the risk of diabetic nephropathy: A meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 147032031882392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Liu ◽  
Youmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Recessive Model ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Dominant Model ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Agt Gene ◽  
T174m Polymorphism

Objective: Although the angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene T174M polymorphism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), study results have been inconsistent. The present meta-analysis was conducted to determine the correlation of AGT T174M polymorphism with DN. Methods: We retrospectively extracted relevant studies from Embase as well as PubMed databases. Additionally, a fixed- or random-effects model was employed for calculation of pooled odds ratio (OR) along with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: In total, we identified six studies (1179 cases and 927 controls) regarding the AGT gene T174M polymorphism. The pooled ORs for the association between the AGT T174M polymorphism and DN risk were not statistically significant under all genetic models (M vs T: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.84–1.75; MM vs TT: OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 0.93–4.04; MT vs TT: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.76–1.63; the dominant model: OR =1.19, 95% CI = 0.80–1.77; the recessive model: OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 0.93–4.03). Subgroup analyses based on the type of race showed the M allele of the AGT T174M polymorphism increased DN risk in Asians, but not in Caucasians. Conclusions: Our study indicated that the T174M polymorphism in the AGT gene was associated with DN in Asians.

scholarly journals Customer Acquisition and Retention Spending: An Analytical Model and Empirical Investigation in Wireless Telecommunications Markets

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungwook Min ◽  
Xubing Zhang ◽  
Namwoon Kim ◽  
Rajendra K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Customer Acquisition ◽  
Cost Advantage ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wireless Telecommunications ◽  
Strategic Resource ◽  
Telecommunications Markets

Strategic resource allocation in growth markets is always a challenging task. This is especially true when it comes to determining the level of investments and expenditures for customer acquisition and retention in competitive and dynamic market environments. This study develops an analytical model to examine firms’ investments in customer acquisition and retention for a new service; it develops hypotheses drawing on analytical findings and tests them with firm-level operating data of wireless telecommunications markets from 41 countries during 1999–2007. The empirical investigation shows that a firm's acquisition cost per customer is more sensitive to market position and competition than retention cost per customer. Furthermore, whereas firms leading in market share, on average, do not have a cost advantage over other firms in retaining customers, they have a substantial cost advantage in acquiring customers, and this advantage tends to increase with market penetration. The study results provide guidelines for firms’ strategic resource allocation for customer acquisition and retention in competitive service markets.

CSR and turnover intentions: examining the underlying psychological mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Employee Attitudes ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of employees’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions on their turnover intentions. It strives to understand the underlying psychological mechanisms by proposing and testing mediation and moderation hypotheses. Specifically, employee engagement was examined as mediator and gender, belief in the importance of CSR and CSR awareness were examined as moderators of the proposed relationship between CSR and turnover intentions. Design/methodology/approach The target population for the study consisted of junior, middle and senior business professionals from both public and private sector manufacturing and service firms operating in India. The data were collected with the help of self-administered questionnaires via both personal visits to the organizations and internet-based questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. Findings The study results suggest a significant influence of employees’ CSR perceptions on their turnover intentions. Additionally, the study delineates the role of employee engagement in understanding the potential of a firm’s involvement in CSR activities in influencing employee attitudes and behaviour at work. Interestingly, significant gender variations were observed in the proposed set of relationships. Belief in the importance of CSR and CSR awareness were also found to significantly moderate the relationship between CSR and turnover intentions. Practical implications By providing persuasive evidence on tangible business benefits of CSR initiatives, this study addresses the concerns of corporate managers to prove the business potential and value engendered by their CSR efforts. Originality/value The study makes a novel contribution by not only examining the direct association between the CSR and turnover intentions, but also by going a step ahead to unfurl the underlying psychological mechanisms for better understanding of the relationships.

scholarly journals HEAD TEACHER-PARENT COLLABORATION POLICIES’ USEFULNESS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MERU COUNTY, KENYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
SEVERINA MUKOKINYA MWIRICHIA
Keyword(s):  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Head Teacher ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Parent Collaboration ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Status

Through head teacher-parent collaboration, Inclusive education can be improved. The purpose of the study was to analyse the usefulness of head teacher-parent collaboration policies for the improvement of inclusive education in regular public primary schools in Meru County. The objective of the study was to examine the usefulness of policies that govern head teacher-parent collaboration for the improvement of inclusive education. The significance of the study was to inform education policy makers, who need the study results to evaluate the current policies on inclusion and formulate appropriate ones for promoting head teacher-parent collaboration to improve the status of inclusive education for all learners. The study was guided by Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological systems theory and Peters’ input-process-outcome-context framework of Inclusive Education. Qualitative research approach method was predominantly used. The target population was 101,612. Through purposive sampling, 24 participants were selected. The study instruments used included; questionnaires, interview schedules, focus group discussion guide, observations and documents’ analysis schedules. Qualitative data analysis was done with the help of computer package, ATLAS. ti. The study findings were presented using narratives within themes generated from the collected data. The findings indicated that head teacher-parent collaboration policy context enhanced the improvement of inclusive education. Most of the schools used informal policies. It was concluded that, head teacher-parent collaboration policy context is crucial to the improvement of inclusive education. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education should formulate appropriate inclusive education policies.

scholarly journals Implementation of Strategic Plans on Oil Distributors: A Study on Selected Oil Companies in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Yussuf Dahir Awale ◽  
Gregory Namusonge ◽  
Kule Julius Warren
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Strategic Plans

The essence of strategy is to attempt to relate the organization to the changes in the environment. For any organization, strategy helps in interrogating the long term plans and ensuring that there is harmony between the vision, mission, objectives, core values, activities and its environment. Strategy formulation and implementation are core management functions. The developed strategy may be good but if its implementation is poor the intended strategic objectives may not be achieved. To ensure survival and success, firms do not only need to formulate strategies that seek to constantly maintain a match between the organization and its environment but also must ensure appropriate execution of strategy at all levels. Success therefore calls for proactive approach to business. The study aimed at identifying the determinants of strategy implementation plans on oil distributors in Kenya. Specifically, the study attempted to achieve the following objectives: to determine the effect of organizational structure; organizational culture; leadership; resource allocation and to establish the effect of communication on implementation of strategic plans on oil distributors in Kenya. The study was based on resource-based theory; dynamic capability theory and knowledge-based view theory. The study adopted a survey design that had used cross-sectional survey approach to collect data. The population of the study comprised of 14 oil distributors in Kenya based in Nairobi County. The target respondents comprised of 64 business owners and 136 managers therefore comprising of a target population of 200 respondents. A sample size of 60 respondents was selected for the study. Primary data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. Data was coded in SPSS and Excel software for analysis where the tables of frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation was extracted for presentation of data. Inferential statistics was done to establish the relationship between the implementation of strategic plans and the five independent variables. The outcome of the study was to establish whether organizational structure; organizational culture; leadership; resource allocation and corporate communication affect the implementation of strategic plans in the oil distributors sector in Nairobi County. The research recommends that for oil distributors to improve on the implementation of strategic plans they need to enhance of teamwork, accountability, transparency and communication.  

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