scholarly journals Evaluation of the 24-Hour Recall as a Reference Instrument for Calibrating Other Self-Report Instruments in Nutritional Cohort Studies: Evidence From the Validation Studies Pooling Project

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence S. Freedman ◽  
John M. Commins ◽  
Walter Willett ◽  
Lesley F. Tinker ◽  
Donna Spiegelman ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 777-777
Author(s):  
Qian-Li Xue ◽  
Kristine Ensrud ◽  
Shari Lin

Abstract As population aging is accelerating rapidly, there is growing concern on how to best provide patient-centered care for the most vulnerable. Establishing a predictable and affordable cost structure for healthcare services is key to improving quality, accessibility, and affordability. One such effort is the “frailty” adjustment model implemented by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) that adjusts payments to a Medicare managed care organization based on functional impairment of its beneficiaries. Earlier studies demonstrated added value of this frailty adjuster for prediction of Medicare expenditures independent of the diagnosis-based risk adjustment. However, we hypothesize that further improvement is possible by implementing more rigorous frailty assessment rather than relying on self-report of ADL difficulties as used for the frailty adjuster. This is supported by the consensus and clinical observations that neither multimorbidity nor disability alone is sufficient for frailty identification. This symposium consists of four talks that leverage data from three CMS-linked cohort studies to investigate the utility of assessment of the frailty phenotype for predicting healthcare utilization and costs. Talk 1 and 2 use data from the NHATS cohort to assess healthcare utilization by frailty status in the general population and the homebound subset. Talk 3 and 4 use data from the MrOS study and the SOF study to investigate the impact of frailty phenotype on healthcare costs. Taken together, their findings highlight the potential of incorporating phenotypic frailty assessment into CMS risk adjustment to improve the planning and management of care for frail older adults.


Author(s):  
Shana D Stites ◽  
Hannah Cao ◽  
Kristin Harkins ◽  
Jason D Flatt

Abstract Objective Differences between men and women are common in published research on aging and Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD). What do these differences mean? To answer this, rigorous measurement is needed. We investigated current methods for measuring sex/gender in aging and AD/ADRD cohort studies. Method An online survey was sent to NIA-funded Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers (ADRCs) (n=38) and investigator-initiated cohort studies (n=38) to assess practices around enrollment of men and women and measurement of sex and gender. Results The response rate was 65.8% (n=50). All enrolled men and all but two investigator-initiated studies enrolled women. Most cohorts (43/50) had no documented definitions for categories of “men” or “women”. Over 85% of cohorts relied solely on self-report questions to capture sex/gender data (n=43/50). Issues with administration were also identified (n=7). Discussion Our findings identify gaps in current approaches used to measure sex and gender in aging and AD/ADRD research. We discuss opportunities to bridge these gaps and advance measurement of sex and gender in aging and AD/ADRD research. Changes are needed to ensure inclusion and representation of sociocultural diversity in research samples, and consistency in data collection in aging and AD/ADRD research.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. S. Davis ◽  
Ewan Carr ◽  
Daniel Leightley ◽  
Valentina Vitiello ◽  
Gabriella Bergin-Cartwright ◽  
...  

AbstractBackgroundCohort studies of people with a history of COVID-19 infection and controls will be essential to understand the epidemiology of long-term effects. However, clinical diagnosis requires resources that are frequently restricted to the severely ill. Cohort studies may have to rely on surrogate indicators of COVID-19 illness. We describe the prevalence and overlap of five potential indicators: self-reported suspicion, self-reported core symptoms, symptom algorithm, self-reported routine test results, and home antibody testing.MethodsAn occupational cohort of staff and postgraduate students at a large London university who participated in surveys and antibody testing. Self-report items cover March to June 2020 and antibody test results from ‘lateral flow’ IgG/IgM antibody test cassettes sent to participants in June 2020.ResultsValid antibody test results were returned for 1882 participants. Of the COVID-19 indicators, the highest prevalence was core symptoms (770 participants positive, 41%), followed by participant suspicion of infection (n=509, 27%), a symptom algorithm (n=297, 16%), study antibody positive test (n=124, 6.6%) and self-report of a positive external test (n=39, 2.1%). Study antibody positive result was rare in people who had no suspicion they had experienced COVID-19 (n=4, 0.7%) or did not experience core symptoms (n=10, 1.6%). When study antibody test results were compared with earlier external antibody results in those who had reported them, the study antibody results agreed in 88% cases (kappa= 0.636), with a lower proportion testing positive on this occasion (proportion with antibodies detected 15% in study test vs 24% in external testing).DiscussionOur results demonstrate that there is some agreement between different COVID indicators, but that they a more complete story when used together. Antibody testing may provide greater certainty and be one of the only ways to detect asymptomatic cases, but is likely to under-ascertain due to weak antibody responses to mild infection, which wane over time. Cohort studies will need to review how they deal with different and sometimes conflicting indicators of COVID-19 illness in order to study the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 infection and related impacts.What is already known on this subject?Research into the effects of COVID-19 in the community is needed to respond to the pandemic. Objective testing has not been widely available and accuracy may not be high when carried out in retrospect. Many cohort studies are considering how best to measure COVID-19 infection status.What this study adds?Antibody testing is feasible, but it is possible that sensitivity may be poor. Each indicator included added different aspects to the ascertainment of COVID-19 exposure. Using combinations of self-reported and objectively measured variables, it may be possible to tailor COVID-19 indicators to the situation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Mazariegos ◽  
Christine Slater ◽  
Manuel Ramirez-Zea

Introduction: Breast-feeding practices (BFPs) can be assessed by interviewing the mother about current feeding practices and with a 24-hour recall. It is crucial to establish the accuracy of these methods, which are commonly used by public health decision makers to design health policies aimed at increasing exclusive breast-feeding rates. Objective: We aimed to validate 2 self-report BFP instruments using the dose-to-mother deuterium oxide turnover technique (DMDOT) as the reference method. Methods: Breast-feeding practices were assessed by interviewing the mother about current feeding practices and with a 24-hour recall in 36 Guatemalan mother–infant pairs. The validity of these instruments was assessed using DMDOT as the reference method. Results: Both self-report instruments overestimated exclusively breast-fed (EBF) infants. Infants classified as EBF were 50% by the reported current feeding practice, 61% by the 24-hour recall, and only 36% using DMDOT. Sensitivity to detect EBF infants from the mother’s self-report was 92% (95% CI: 62%-99%) while from the 24-hour recall was 100% (95% CI: 72%-100%, P < .01). However, specificity for both instruments was low, at 74% (95% CI: 51%-89%) for reported current feeding practice and at 61% (95% CI: 39%-79%) for the 24-hour recall ( P < .01). Conclusion: Both reported current feeding practice and the 24-hour recall instruments overestimated exclusive breast-feeding. Nevertheless, the use of reported current feeding practice provided more accurate data to assess BFPs in a public health setting. Furthermore, population-based surveys should consider the overestimation of exclusive breast-feeding caused when using these BFP instruments.


1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stoudenmire ◽  
Debra Batman ◽  
Michael Pavlov ◽  
Al Temple

A Holistic Living Inventory which yields scores on four dimensions of holistic living, physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual functioning, is described. The inventory has 20 self-report items for each dimension. It can be used with adults and suggests optimal functioning in each area. Validation studies for each dimension are described.


2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-518
Author(s):  
Deák Anita

Affektív idegtudományi személyiségskálák (ANPS) Áttekintő tanulmányunkban a személyiségvonások érzelmi alapjaival foglalkozunk affektív idegtudományi megközelítésben. Összefoglaljuk azokat a kutatási eredményeket, amelyek a kéreg alatti agyi struktúrákhoz köthető elsődleges érzelmi rendszerek mérésével kapcsolatban születtek. Az Affektív idegtudományi személyiség skálák (Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales – ANPS) hat (+1) érzelmi vonás mérésére szolgálnak (FÉLELEM , HARAG, SZOMORÚSÁG, JÁTÉKOSSÁG, KERESÉS, GONDOSKODÁS, Spiritualitás). Módszer: Tanulmányunk alapját 65, 2003–2019 között publikált empirikus kutatás adja. Ezek mind-egyikében adatgyűjtés történt az ANPS kérdőívvel. A forrásokat négy csoportra osztottuk: validálási tanulmányok, biológiai markerekre hivatkozó tanulmányok, klinikai jellegű cikkek és egyéb, a széles körű alkalmazhatóságot igazoló publikációk. Jelen tanulmányban a validálással kapcsolatos kutatásokat összegezzük az időbeli stabilitás és a faktorszerkezet tekintetében, majd összegzést végzünk a megbízhatósággal, a nemi különbségekkel és az ANPS skálák együtt járásával kapcsolatosan. Eredmények: Az ANPS által mért konstruktumok időben stabilak, azaz a skálák vonásokat mérnek, nem helyzetfüggő érzelmi állapotokat. A hat érzelmi rendszer két fő faktorba rendeződik (pozitív és negatív), ahol a negatív érzelmi vonások nagyobb magyarázóerővel bírnak, mint a pozitívak. A hat (+1) skála megbízhatónak mondható (Cronbach alfa > 0,7). Az eredmények alapján a nők magasabb pontszámot érnek el a GONDOSKODÁS, FÉLELEM, SZOMORÚSÁG skálákon, míg a férfi ak a JÁTÉKOSSÁG, KERESÉS, HARAG skálákon. A Spiritualitás skálán nincs nemi különbség. A skálák között szisztematikus együtt járások tárhatók fel. Következtetések: Az ANPS megbízhatóan méri a személyiségünk alapjait alkotó, kéreg alatti agyterületekhez köthető érzelmi vonásokat, gazdagítva ezzel a személyiség idegtudományi megközelítésének (Personality Neuroscience) módszertanát. Az agyi képalkotó eljárásokkal együtt alkalmazva nemcsak ezen a területen nyithat új távlatokat, hanem a klinikai pszichológiában és a kulturális összehasonlító vizsgálatok terén is. Introduction: In this review we focus on emotional basics of personality traits from affective neuroscience perspective. We summarize empirical studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) that was developed for measuring six (+1) primary emotional systems located in subcortical brain areas (FEAR, ANGER, SADNESS, PLAYFULNESS, SEEK, CARE, Spirituality). Methods: We selected 65 empirical studies published between 2003 and 2019 where ANPS questionnaire was used. We divided the studies into four clusters: validation studies, studies with biological markers, clinical studies and others demonstrating different application of the ANPS. In this review we summarized the validation studies in regard to the test-retest reliability, factor structure of the ANPS, then we conducted statistical analysis on 39 datasets for reliability, on 25 datasets for sex differences and inter-scale correlations (33 and 45 datasets). Results: Based on the test-retest analysis ANPS constructs measure emotional traits, not context-dependent affects. The six primary emotions form two main factors (positive and negative emotions), and the negative emotions have greater explanation power than positive emotions. The six (+1) scales are reliable (Cronbach alphas > 0,7). Results show that women have higher scores on CARE, FEAR and SADNESS, while men’s scores are higher on PLAYFULNESS, SEEK and ANGER. No sex difference appeared on Spirituality scale. However, systematic inter-scale correlations were found. Conclusions: The ANPS questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for measuring primary emotions that are located in the subcortical brain areas and are the building blocks of personality traits. It is a self-report measure of the recently developing fi eld of personality neuroscience. As a self-report instrument of brain imaging studies it can open new perspectives not only in neuroscience, but in clinical psychology and in cross-cultural studies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Rodriguez ◽  
V. Garcia-Hansen

Although daylight changes seen through windows are likely to mediate positive responses in occupants, there are no specialized instruments capturing responses to dynamic attributes in views. This study mapped self-report instruments that could be readily adjusted to measure subjective responses to dynamic views. Through a revision of the literature, 55 papers in view assessment were clustered as a function of prevalent label types and constructs used to investigate responses to static outdoor views. Feature-type was the prevalent label distinction to investigate responses to window views, whilst preference and restoration were the predominant constructs in view out research. Four instruments were deemed appropriate to capture responses to dynamic attributes in views with respect to restoration, provided that semantic adaptations and further validations are set in place. This study highlights the need for more validation studies to increase the robustness of self-report instruments and outlines a theoretical approach to achieve this scope.


2014 ◽  
Vol 180 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence S. Freedman ◽  
John M. Commins ◽  
James E. Moler ◽  
Lenore Arab ◽  
David J. Baer ◽  
...  

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