scholarly journals Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1995

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
David G. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Spray Applications

Abstract Fresh-market cabbage was direct seeded on 11 October, 1995 at Weslaco, TX in 100-cm-wide beds and maintained with standard cultural practices. Plots consisted of two rows by 10.7 m and were arranged in a RCB design with sixteen treatments and four replicates. Spray applications were made on 2 Nov, 29 Nov, 14 Dec 1995, and 17 Jan 1996 with three hollow-cone tips per row. Applications were made with 284 1/ha of water. Cabbage loopers, diamondback moth larvae, and beet armyworms were counted on five whole plants per plot. Cabbage heads were harvested on 30 Jan, 5 Feb, and 21 Feb and evaluated for damage from 0 = none to 4 = severe damage to wrapper leaves and/or head. Harvested weight of cabbage was based on an average of two harvests from 5 plants each. Analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means were calculated from averages over all sample dates.

scholarly journals Control of Aphids on Spinach with Imidacloprid and Other Treatments, 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Riley
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Spray Applications

Abstract Fresh-market type ‘Fall Green’ spinach, was direct seeded on 11 Oct 1995 in 100-cm-width beds and maintained with standard cultural practices at Weslaco, TX. Plots consisted of two rows by 10 m and were arranged in a RCB design with six treatments and four replicates. Admire (imidacloprid) was applied at planting as an 8-cm banded spray in the seed furrow. All other insecticide treatments were foliar sprays which were initiated when aphid numbers exceeded 1 per leaf. Spray applications were made on January 16, 23 and February 14 with three TX6 hollow-cone tips (Spraying Systems Company) per row. The spray volume was 284 ]/ha. Aphids were counted on one expanded leaf per plant on 5 plants per plot. An additional destructive sample was taken at harvest on 8 and 16 Feb to determine the number of gpa per 10 leaves per plot and number of root aphids per 5 mechanically extracted tap roots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means.

scholarly journals Control of Pickleworm on Squash with Selective Insecticides, 1997

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
Susan E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Lepidopterous Pest ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Selective Insecticides ◽  
Separation Test

Abstract Insecticides specific for lepidopterous pest-were compared with a standard, Thiodan, and an untreated check for control of pickleworm. Squash was direct seeded on 1 Apr at the Central Florida Research and Education Center, Leesburg, FL. Each plot consisted of four 25-ft rows, 6 ft apart with plants spaced 2.5 ft apart. Treatments were replicated four times in an RCB design. All chemicals were applied with a 2-row tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 18 Albuz (lilac) ceramic hollow-cone nozzles spaced 8 inches apart, delivering 133 gpa at 200 psi. Latron CS-7, a surfactant, was tank-mixed with Confirm and RH-2485 at a concentration of 0.12% vol:vol. Treatments were applied weekly from 14 May to 11 Jun. Fruits were harvested, separated into marketable and damaged, counted, and weighed three times per week from 12 May to 16 Jun. An analysis of variance and a mean separation test (WD) were used to determine significant differences among treatments.

scholarly journals Between-row spacing and local accession on the yield and quality of garlic

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal-Ali Olfati ◽  
Mohammad-Bagher Mahdieh-Najafabadi ◽  
Mohammad Rabiee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Stand

Garlic is primarily grown for its cloves used mostly as a food flavoring condiment. Previous studies carried out on plant density indicate its direct influence on yield. Plant density depends on the genotype, environmental factors, cultural practices, etc. This study was established to determine the effects of different between-row spacing on growth, yield, and quality of four local accession of garlic. It was laid out on two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during two years. Four local accession of garlic (Langroud, Tarom, Tabriz and Hamedan) were culture in three between-rows spacing (15, 25 and 35 cm) during two years. The results of two cultivated years were different. Plant density changed when garlic cultured with different between row spacing. In present research plant yield increased when the lower between row spacing and high plant density were used but the yield improvement occurring at increased plant stand is offset by the reduction in bulb size and some quality indices such as total phenol and antioxidant which severely affects quality and market value, when garlic is produced for fresh market.

scholarly journals Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) Intercrop Management in Fresh-market Vegetables

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasey N. Mwaja ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
Catherine E. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Snap Bean

The effect of cover-crop management on growth and yield of `Bravo' cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.), `Market Pride' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and `Mustang' snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was determined. Each fall, `Wheeler' winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and `Oregon Crown' hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were interseeded. The following spring, the cover crops were killed by either applying glyphosate and mowing (CC-G) or mowing and disking (CC-D). Trifluralin was preplant incorporated into bare ground as a conventional tillage (CT) treatment. In 1992 and 1993, a chicken (Gallus gallus L.) based fertilizer was applied to half the subplots. The greatest snap bean and cabbage yields were in CT. The system with the greatest tomato yields varied. In 1991, the greatest tomato yields were in the CT treatment, while in 1992 yields were greatest in the CT and CC-D treatments, and in 1993 the greatest yields were in CT and CC-G. Cabbage yields were greater in the fertilized than the unfertilized treatments. In 1992, infestations of diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, and cabbage looper were greater in CT than in the CC-G treatment. Three years of the CC-G treatment increased soil organic matter from 3.07% to 3.48% and increased soil pH from 6.30 to 6.51, while neither changed in the CT. Chemical names used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipro`pyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine (trifluralin).

scholarly journals First Record of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Causing Canker of Tomato Plants in Syria

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ftayeh ◽  
A. von Tiedemann ◽  
B. Koopmann ◽  
K. Rudolph ◽  
M. Abu-Ghorrah
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

Between March and mid April of 2007, several extensive surveys for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis were carried out among greenhouses in the coastal strip provinces of the Mediterranean Sea in north-west Syria (Latakia and Tartous), where a large proportion of Syrian fresh-market tomatoes are produced. This bacterium causes bacterial canker of tomato and is considered an A2 quarantine pathogen by the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). It is currently present in all major tomato-production areas in the EPPO region (4), but has not been previously reported in Syria. The survey revealed typical canker symptoms in 7% of 150 inspected greenhouses that contained cvs. Dima, Huda, and Astona. These symptoms included stunting, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins, wilting and defoliation of whole plants, and vascular discoloration. The disease incidence in such greenhouses was estimated at 15% at the time of the survey. Diseased plants were surface sterilized and homogenized in sterile water. Serial dilutions were plated on nutrient glucose agar. Suspected colonies were further purified by repeated restreaking on new agar plates. All 10 of the suspected strains obtained from different locations were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on the basis of the following observations: bacterial cells of all strains had a coryneform shape, were nonmotile, gram positive according to Gram's reaction test with 3% KOH (2), oxidase-negative, and caused hypersensitive reactions on leaves of Mirabilis jalaba (1) within 24 h. PCR assays were conducted with the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-specific primer set PSA-4/R (3) and template DNA prepared from in-vitro-grown bacteria with the MasterPure Gram Positive DNA Purification Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI). The expected 270-bp amplicon was observed for both reference strains as well as the Syrian strains. Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by artificial inoculation of 6-week-old tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Lyconorma). Inoculation was performed by stabbing the stem with a sterile needle through a drop (~35 μl) of bacterial suspension (~108 CFU/ml in 0.01 M MgSO4) placed in the axil of the second or third true leaf. Three tomato seedlings were inoculated with each strain. Control plants were inoculated with sterile 0.01 M MgSO4. Symptoms including lateral wilt of leaflets, stem lesions, and wilting of whole plants were observed within 10 to 15 days after inoculation, except for the negative control. To fulfill Koch's postulates, reisolation and reidentification of the pathogen was conducted as previously described. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the occurrence of bacterial canker of tomato in Syria. References: (1) R. D. Gitaitis. Plant Dis. 74:58, 1990. (2) T. J. Gregersen. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5:123, 1978. (3) K. H. Pastrik and F. A. Rainey. J. Phytopathol. 147:687, 1999. (4) I. M. Smith and L. M. F. Charles, eds. Map 253 in: Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. EPPO/CABI, 1998.

scholarly journals Lepidopterous Larvae Control with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., N.C., 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-99
Author(s):  
K. A. Sorensen ◽  
C. Wade Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract ‘Gourmet’ cabbage was direct seeded in early Mar near Weeksville, NC. Single row plots 10 ft. long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft. were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments 2, 9, 16 and 23 May. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 9, 16, 23 and 30 May. No CL were present on 9 and 16 May.

scholarly journals Control of Aphids on Mustard in a Commercial Field, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-137
Author(s):  
J. V. Edelson ◽  
M. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Commercial Field

Abstract A commercial production field of mustard was used for this trial. Plants were grown in 6 row beds on 6 ft centers. The field was direct seeded in Apr approximately 1 mile west of Webbers Falls, OK. Small plots were delimited on one edge of the field. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 7 treatments. Insecticide applications were made on 23 and 29 May using a bicycle tire mounted sprayer with 4 hollow cone nozzles (TXVS26) per bed applying 40 gpa solution at 42 psi. Plots were 1 bed wide and 20 ft long with 5 ft alleys between plots. Insect populations were surveyed by examining 5 plants per plot on 29 May (prior to the second application of insecticides) and 3 Jun to determine treatment effects.

Rice weed control: current technology and emerging issues in temperate rice

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Hill ◽  
RJ Jr Smith ◽  
DE Bayer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rice Culture ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
The Cost

Among temperate rice areas, the United States and Australia are most similar in climate and in the mechanisation of rice culture. Many weed problems, even weed species invading rice, are common to both countries; and the present technology for weed control as well as concern for the impact of these technologies to environmental quality, herbicide resistance, and other weed-related issues bear many similarities. Application of current, and any new, technologies to emerging issues in US rice weed control will therefore be directly relevant to rice production in Australia and all other temperate areas struggling with the same challenges. Weeds are a significant problem in temperate rice culture. In the United States, rice is mechanically direct-seeded, allowing weeds to germinate and establish with the crop. In the last 15 years weed growth and competition has been increased by the adoption of semi-dwarf cultivars, high N fertilisation, and, in water-seeded rice, shallow flooding. High rates, and often multiple applications, of herbicides have been necessary to maximise the yield potential of these cultural systems. Advances in cultural practices and herbicide technology have maintained, if not improved, weed control; but nearly 30 years of propanil use in the southern USA resulted in propanil-resistant barnyard grass Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., and after 4 years of continuous use, bensulfuron resistance to 4 aquatic weed species was discovered in California. Although herbicides with different mechanisms of action are needed for alternation in resistance management strategies, fewer are likely to be available. Social and environmental concerns have slowed the development and registration of rice herbicides and increased the cost of controlling weeds. Water quality deterioration from ricefield tailwaters, drift to sensitive crops, the cost of renewing registration in aquatic systems, and weed resistance all forecast reduced herbicide use in rice. Neither cultural practices nor herbicides alone can solve weed problems in direct-seeded, mechanised rice culture. With fewer herbicides and a cultural system highly vulnerable to weed losses, integrated management strategies with better information on which to base weed control decisions will be needed to solve weed problems in temperate rice.

scholarly journals Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Late Season Cabbage, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
Donald J. Prostak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract Cabbage was transplanted on 9 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 15, 18 Sep, and 1 Oct with a COz-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Activator 90, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 28 Sep and 5 Oct by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the leaves were identified and counted.

Determining the growth responses of Phyla canescens to shoot and root damage as a platform to better-informed weed-management decisions

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Julien ◽  
C.-Y. Xu ◽  
A. Bourne ◽  
M. Gellender ◽  
R. De Clerck-Floate
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Whole Plants

Understanding the responses of invasive plants to control methods is important in developing effective management strategies. Lippia (Phyla canescens (Kunth) Greene : Verbenaceae) is an invasive, perennial, clonal forb for which few control options exist for use in the Australian natural and agro-ecosystems it threatens. To help inform management decisions, lippia’s growth responses to damage it may experience during proposed control measures, i.e. cutting, crushing, twisting, were assessed in three glasshouse experiments using either whole plants or plant pieces. Plants quickly recovered from severe damage through growth from shoot and root buds at stem nodes. After shoot and root removal, the relative growth rate of the remaining plant was twice that of controls, suggesting tolerance to damage. Lacking buds, root pieces and isolated stem internodes were incapable of responding. Crushing and cutting individual ramets and plant pieces induced the largest responses, including release of axillary buds on damage or removal of apical buds, but full recovery was not achieved. Lippia will be difficult to control because of its ability to rapidly propagate from stem fragments possessing undamaged or damaged nodes; thus, the full impact of control methods that increase fragmentation (e.g. grazing) should be assessed before implementation. Our results also suggest that the most effective biological agents will be those that limit lippia’s vegetative growth and spread, such as shoot- or crown-feeding insects.

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