Defining Ideal External Female Genital Anatomy Via Crowdsourcing Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Frojo ◽  
Aurora M Kareh ◽  
Kenneth X Probst ◽  
Jeffrey D Rector ◽  
Christina M Plikaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Labia Minora ◽  
Labia Majora ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Factor Modeling ◽  
Aesthetic Characteristics ◽  
Clitoral Hood

Abstract Background Despite existing anthropometric data in the literature regarding the variation of female external genital anatomy, the ideal aesthetic characteristics have yet to be defined. Objectives Authors used crowdsourcing in order to better evaluate preferred anatomic characteristics of external female genitalia. Methods Fifty-six total images were digitally created by altering the proportions of the labia minora, labia majora, and clitoral hood. Images with differing ratios were presented in pairs to Amazon Mechanical Turk (Seattle, WA, USA) raters. Three different experiments were performed with each varying two of the three image characteristics to permit two factor modeling. The Bradley-Terry-Luce model was applied to the pairwise comparisons ratings to create a rank order for each image. Preferences for each anatomic variable were compared using chi-squared tests. Results A total of 5000 raters participated. Experiment 1 compared differing widths of the labia majora and labia minora and determined a significant preference for larger labia majora width and mid-range labia minora width (p=0.007). Experiment 2 compared labia minora width versus clitoral hood length and showed a statistically significant preference for wider majoras (p<.001), but no significant preference in clitoral hood length (p=0.54). Experiment 3 compared clitoral hood length versus labia minora width and showed a statistically significant preference for mid-range labia minora widths (p<.001) but no significant preference in clitoral hood length (p=0.78). Conclusions Raters preferred a labia majora to labia minora width ratio of 3:1 with minimal preference in clitoral hood length.

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Treatment of Kidney Diseases in Fez–Meknes Region, Morocco

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
M. Chebaibi ◽  
D. Bousta ◽  
I. Iken ◽  
H. Hoummani ◽  
A. Ech-Choayeby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
A Value ◽  
Chi Squared

The purpose of this study was to inventory and collect information on plants and mixtures commonly used by herbalists to treat kidney disease in the Fez–Meknes region. We also aimed to compare the results obtained with the results of the other studies and exploit the correlations between different factors. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted from 289 local herbalists in eight different areas of Fez–Meknes region. Ethnomedicinal uses and ethnobotanical indices were analyzed using quantitative tools, i.e., the total number of citation (TNC), use value (UV), family use value (FUV), fidelity level (FL), and rank order priority (ROP). Statistical analyses such as Pearson correlation and chi-squared test were performed to delineate any correlation. Two hundred and eighty-nine herbalists were questioned. Sixty-nine plant species belonging to 38 families were cited by herbalists for traditional treatment of kidney disease. The highest value of UV was obtained for Herniaria glabra L. (UV = 0.79), and Caryophyllaceae was the family frequently cited (FUV = 0.795). Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. had the highest value of FL with a value of 100%, and the highest value of ROP was recorded for Herniaria glabra L. (ROP = 91%). Sociodemographic characteristics had a significant impact on the knowledge of toxic plants. Our study has revealed a cultural heritage linked to herbalism and a great wealth of medicinal plants, whose valorization and protection are necessary. Several studies are needed to sensitize herbalists and population on the danger of toxic plants, to extract chemical compounds from the main plants used, and to evaluate their toxicity.

Differences in Perceptions of Managerial Roles by Gender among Southern Business Students

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-843
Author(s):  
James O. Smith ◽  
Robert E. Schellenberger
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Spearman Rank Order Correlation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Managerial Success ◽  
Managerial Roles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chi Squared

Perception of the roles necessary for managerial success based on the 10 verbal descriptors of the Mintzberg roles were gathered from 128 business students at a southern U.S. university. The objective was to assess whether these 72 men and 56 women viewed the importance of the roles differently. Ratings were collected on the 10 roles for each of four different types of managers. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, chi-squared analysis, and Spearman rank-order correlation. No differences were observed in the perception of men and women in these roles or of their relative importance.

scholarly journals Prognostic information of gastric carcinoma using Goseki system in relation to nuclear organizer region (AgNOR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulekha Gosh ◽  
Tapan Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Nikhilesh Dewasi ◽  
Krishnendu Das
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Carcinoma ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Agnor Count ◽  
Chi Squared

Objective: The present study was undertaken to find out the relationship of Goseki grading system (I-IV) with existing classification of WHO, Lauren and tumour differentiation of gastric carcinoma and its prognostic information in relation to AgNOR & PCNA expression. Materials and methods: To assess the reproducibility and usefulness of Goseki grading system thirty five gastric carcinoma were selected from January 2007 to July 2009 in the department of Pathology, Burdwan Medical College in West Bengal, India and analyzed in relation to existing grading system by chi-squared testing. Mean AgNOR count & mean PCNA leveling index quantities of different tissue sections were assessed according to different classification system of gastric carcinoma and interobserver variations of all data were evaluated from Spearman Rank-order Correlation Coefficient (rs ). Results: Highly significant predictable correlation of Goseki grading system for existing classification of gastric carcinoma was obtained statistically. Increasing values of mean AgNOR count and PCNA leveling index (2.35% & 15.14%, 2.91% & 21.32%, 3.08 %& 24.76% and 3.2% & 25.12 respectively) were observed from Grade I – IV of Goseki grade. Mucin rich (3.05% & 23.22%) and tubule poor (3.14% & 24.76%) tumours higher values than mucin poor (2.71% & 19.95%) and tubule rich (2.63% & 18.23%) tumors. No significant correlations were observed in other grading system. Conclusion: Following Goseki grading system increasing expression of proliferating marker in mucin rich than mucin poor tumours and tubules poor than tubules rich tumors indicate poor prognosis and tumour behavior. Simple system may help to select patients for adjuvant therapy. Key words: Goseki grade; gastric carcinoma; AgNOR; PCNA. DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v9i2.5655Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.09 No.2 Apr 2010 pp.76-86

scholarly journals Disorder of Sex Development, Mosaic Genetic Disorder 45x, 46xy: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1393-1398
Author(s):  
Awan Nurtjahyo ◽  
Asep Nurul Huda ◽  
A. Abadi ◽  
Aditiawati ◽  
Yulisnawati H ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Voiding Cystourethrography ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Disorder Of Sex Development ◽  
Labia Minora ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Labia Majora ◽  
Genital Ambiguity

Background. Disorder of sex development (DSD) is a congenital disorder associated with interference in chromosomes, gonads, or sexes anatomically. Individual affected with DSD can be recognized since birth due to external genital ambiguity. Sexual chromosome DSD occurred because sexual chromosome numeric or structural disorder. Mosaic karyotype 45X/46XY is among the rare sexual chromosome DSD with incidence less than 1:15,000 live births. DSD individuals are susceptible to stigmatization. This can cause stress, negative emotion, and social isolation. Therefore, DSD individual management should be done as optimal as possible. Case Presentation: Twelve years old girl complaining a bump arose from anterior side of her genital resembles male genital since 4 years prior to admission without micturition and defecation complains. Patient has not experienced menarche. On external genital examination, we found the normal female external genital such as mons pubis, pubic hair, labia majora, labia minora, hymen, perineum, but without clitoris which in this case it is replaced by a glans of penis, arising from  anterior commissure of labia majora area, with an urethral estuary. Before the management is done, patient underwent multidiscipline consultations and further examinations. Subsequently, it was approved that the joint conference formation consisting obstetric and gynecology, urologist, and pediatric endocrinologist to determine the optimal management for the patient. Conclusion: In this case, diagnosis was made with history taking, clinical examination, and supporting investigation such as ultrasound imaging and could be followed by biochemistry test, voiding cystourethrography or genitogram to determine next management. Counseling should be done in detail towards the family to know what action is best for the patient. Multidiscipline team was required to get the optimum result either in medical, ethical, or religious point of view. Surgery in this case was considered followed by long term therapy afterwards.

Promoting Energy-Efficient Driving Using Associative Graphical Displays: Can a Cup of Coffee Encourage You to Drive More Smoothly?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Potvin-Bernal ◽  
L. H. Shu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Use Phase ◽  
Educational Campaigns

Abstract Substantial energy savings during the use phase of internal-combustion and electric automobiles can be achieved by increasing eco-driving behavior, particularly reduced acceleration and braking. However, motivating widespread adoption of this behavior is challenging, with obstacles including incompatibility with drivers’ values and priorities, and disassociation between drivers’ actions and observable consequences. Efforts focused on informational approaches, e.g., training programs and educational campaigns, are both difficult to scale up and largely ineffective, with drivers reluctant to make long-term changes. Alternatively, behavior can be influenced by redesigning the context within which the behavior occurs. Such an intervention must be effective across demographics and underlying behaviors to achieve ubiquity. The current study investigates the perceived effect on driving style of a simple graphical dashboard display depicting an animated coffee cup. This display incorporates associative mental models and contextual relevance to increase the salience of inefficient vehicle movements and nudge drivers to adopt a smoother driving style. An online Amazon-Mechanical-Turk survey with 92 participants revealed a significant preference for the coffee cup over two other displays when controlling for demographic variables. This result offers preliminary evidence suggesting that greater success at promoting eco-driving may be achieved by using a behavioral nudge.

Influence of the Big Five on Driving Frequency During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 977-981
Author(s):  
Kyle Hickerson ◽  
Yi-Ching Lee
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Driving Frequency ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Moderate Effect Size ◽  
Moderate Effect

Our objective was to examine how the Big Five personality traits affected driving behavior during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected online via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Chi-Squared Tests with bootstrapping revealed a significant pandemic effect on driving frequency with a moderate effect size. However, insignificant results of the Big Five were found relative to the weekly driving frequency. Simple Correspondence Analysis was used to examine patterns between the Big Five and driving frequency graphically. Individuals high in Agreeableness, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism were more likely to drive less frequently and therefore comply with isolation guidelines. However, there were conflicting results in Neuroticism. Some of the High and Medium Low groups were grouped closely with lower driving frequencies. To explain this result, there may be a mediating or moderating factor that was not captured in this analysis, which requires more research to examine.

scholarly journals Public Perception of Ideal Breast Shape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D Kelly ◽  
Bryan Comstock ◽  
Orr Shauly ◽  
James M Smartt ◽  
Daniel J Gould
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Survey Technique ◽  
Breast Shape ◽  
American Society ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Breast Projection

Abstract Background In the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in trends related to body-shaping procedures. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, nearly 300,000 breast augmentation procedures were conducted in 2019. 1 Learning the ideal shape of a breast, and which esthetics lead to public perception of the most attractive breast is beneficial to properly performing these procedures. Objectives The authors aimed to quantify public perception of the attraction to breast shape by measuring public opinion for various esthetic elements of breast anatomy, and linking this to various demographic factors. Methods Survey responses were collected from 1,000 users of Amazon Mechanical Turk to collect demographic data as well as ask users to rank preferences for randomized image panels of breast proportions. Responses were collected and analyzed to find the overall ideal breast proportions. Results In total, 1000 responses were collected, with 960 being used for analysis. Overall, a majority of respondents were male (60%), with a plurality belonging to the age group of 25-34 years old (49.3%). The most notable preference between all groups was the breast projection proportion and the preferred nipple direction, with preferences of 1.0 and a frontal nipple direction, respectively. Breast width to shoulder width ratio also had a clear preference among the crowd, with 105% being the preferred percentage, and the 25-34 age group having a very strong preference for this. Conclusions The authors used a crowdsourcing survey technique with randomized image panels to analyze ideal breast preference using images of various anatomical traits of the female breast. It was concluded that crowdsourcing can be a favorable technique for learning ideal overall preferences for specific anatomy.

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