Evidence of intergenerational transmission of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) health effects: Hindsight and insight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Titus
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Health It ◽  
The Third ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
The Us

Abstract This review summarizes key findings from the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) DES Combined Cohort Study with a focus on the results of the NCI Third Generation Study, a cohort of DES-exposed and unexposed granddaughters. Findings to date from the Third Generation Study are discussed in the context of other research efforts and case reports suggesting an intergenerational heritability of DES-related effects. The DES story serves as a model for the influence of endocrine disrupting chemicals on human health. It also serves as a warning of the special hazards of pregnancy exposures, and more broadly, of the potential for invisible health consequences arising from new or changing exposures.

scholarly journals The Use and Misuse of Historical Controls in Regulatory Toxicology: Lessons from the CLARITY-BPA Study

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura N Vandenberg ◽  
Gail S Prins ◽  
Heather B Patisaul ◽  
R Thomas Zoeller
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Pituitary Neoplasms ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
The Us ◽  
Historical Controls

Abstract For many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including Bisphenol A (BPA), animal studies show that environmentally relevant exposures cause harm; human studies are consistent with these findings. Yet, regulatory agencies charged with protecting public health continue to conclude that human exposures to these EDCs pose no risk. One reason for the disconnect between the scientific consensus on EDCs in the endocrinology community and the failure to act in the regulatory community is the dependence of the latter on so-called “guideline studies” to evaluate hazards, and the inability to incorporate independent scientific studies in risk assessment. The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Toxicity (CLARITY) study was intended to bridge this gap, combining a “guideline” study with independent hypothesis-driven studies designed to be more appropriate to evaluate EDCs. Here we examined an aspect of “guideline” studies, the use of so-called “historical controls,” which are essentially control data borrowed from prior studies to aid in the interpretation of current findings. The US Food and Drug Administration authors used historical controls to question the plausibility of statistically significant BPA-related effects in the CLARITY study. We examined the use of historical controls on 5 outcomes in the CLARITY “guideline” study: mammary neoplasms, pituitary neoplasms, kidney nephropathy, prostate inflammation and adenomas, and body weight. Using US Food and Drug Administration–proposed historical control data, our evaluation revealed that endpoints used in “guideline” studies are not as reproducible as previously held. Combined with other data comparing the effects of ethinyl estradiol in 2 “guideline” studies including CLARITY-BPA, we conclude that near-exclusive reliance on “guideline” studies can result in scientifically invalid conclusions.

Tracking Intergenerational Progress for Immigrant Groups: The Problem of Ethnic Attrition

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Duncan ◽  
Stephen J Trejo
Keyword(s):  
National Origin ◽  
Hispanic Immigrants ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Asian Immigrant ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
Measurement Biases

In tracking the later-generation descendants of immigrants, measurement biases can arise from “ethnic attrition” (e.g., US-born individuals who do not self-identify as Mexican despite having ancestors who immigrated from Mexico). We present evidence that such ethnic attrition is sizeable and selective for the third-generation populations of key Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups. In addition, our results suggest that ethnic attrition generates biases that vary across national origin groups in direction as well as magnitude, and that correcting for these biases will raise the socioeconomic standing of the US-born descendants of most Hispanic immigrants relative to their Asian counterparts.

scholarly journals Constructing the Imaginative Bridge: Third-Generation Holocaust Narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission Of Trauma ◽  
The Third ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Generational Transmission ◽  
Traumatic History ◽  
Transmission Of Trauma ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Holocaust Narratives

Reynolds’s research examines the ways in which third-generation Holocaust writers, the grandchildren of Holocaust survivors, approach the subject of their own traumatic history and the intergenerational transmission of trauma and memory. Despite the two generational divide that separates the third generation from the preceding two generations of Holocaust writers, the trans-generational transmission of trauma continues to preoccupy contemporary narratives. This research examines the ways the grandchildren of survivors, represented in this paper by Margot Singer and Jonathan Safran Foer, confront and include lost worlds in their narratives as well as their attempts to resurrect these fractured pasts through innovative uses of imaginative leaps. The third generation continues to suffer from the intergenerational transmission of trauma and memory yet discovers innovative ways to share that trauma, evidence of evolving modes of bearing witness. KEYWORDS: Holocaust Narratives; Third-Generation; Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma; Literature; Trauma; Memory Studies; Jewish Identity; Grandchildren of Survivors

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