Does Social Insurance Block the Inter-Generational Transmission of Poverty? Evidence from the 2018 China Family Panel Survey

In this research, we explored whether participation in pension insurance and medical insurance for children and fathers blocks the inter-generational transmission of poverty. Using data from the China Family Panel Survey of 2018, this paper took the average level of insurance participation of a sample group as an instrumental variable, applied the IV-probit model, and found that the participation of children in pension insurance and the participation of fathers in medical insurance significantly reduce the probability of the inter-generational transmission of poverty, but that the participation of children in medical insurance and the participation of fathers in pension insurance increase it. These results were robust. Furthermore, there was heterogeneity in household registration, geographical location, and marriage with regard to the impact of social insurance participation on the inter-generational transmission of poverty. These results could help the formulation of anti-poverty policies to address the inter-generational transmission of poverty.

Dodawanie otuchy jako forma wzmocnienia ludzkości nie tylko w czasie pandemii. Międzygeneracyjna transmisja przesłania Wincentego Kadłubka

Offering Reassurance as a Form of Strengthening Humanity Not Only during a Pandemic. The Inter-Generational Transmission of Wincenty Kadłubek’s Message Master Wincenty (ca. 1150–1223), who has been known as Kadłubek since the 15th century, was an unquestionable ally of mankind and especially of Poles. In his work entitled Magistrii Vincentii Chronicon Polonorum he encouraged his readers not to neglect reassurance and to seek it wherever possible. He also advised people to try to enjoy offering reassurance to others and to lead a good life connected with faith in God, which in his belief constitutes the most reliable “safeguard of your happiness”. This article aims to provide answers to several questions (and at the same time to solve a number of related research problems), How does Wincenty perceive reassurance and what significance does he attribute to offering it to other people? What advice does he give on not losing but gaining reassurance and on offering reassurance to others? What factors in his belief constitute stumbling blocks in the process of drawing reassurance for oneself and how to protect oneself against them (i.e., how to prevent their occurrence and how to overcome them)? The use of hermeneutic methods in studying the problems of providing reassurance as a social skill, an element that is very conspicuous in Master Wincenty’s literary output, seems well justified, considering the cognitive and noetic significance of the research subject.

Food and Identity in New Zealand: the Cross-Generational Transmission of Cultural and Gender Identity through Food

<p>This thesis examines the previously under-explored area of the intersection of individuals’ cultural and gender identity in relation to food within the framework of New Zealand food culture. The analysis focuses upon how the cross-generational transmission of food culture has occurred within Pakeha families in New Zealand, and how the process has affected gendered identities. The study was based on analyses of in-depth interviews and reminiscences provided by 15 individual respondents from six families about their food preferences and practices. This interview data was summarised and organised into six family case histories. Also in analysing New Zealand cookbooks, the thesis considers social changes related to the changing meaning of food and cooking in association with individuals’ gender roles. Particular attention was paid to the ‘de-gendering’ of cooking. If men are cooking more nowadays than in the past, do they invest this activity with different social meanings from women? If women spend less time on food preparation than in the past, do they depend more on convenience foods? This thesis investigates how such changes interact with the cultural and social significance of food and cooking.</p>

Food and Identity in New Zealand: the Cross-Generational Transmission of Cultural and Gender Identity through Food

<p>This thesis examines the previously under-explored area of the intersection of individuals’ cultural and gender identity in relation to food within the framework of New Zealand food culture. The analysis focuses upon how the cross-generational transmission of food culture has occurred within Pakeha families in New Zealand, and how the process has affected gendered identities. The study was based on analyses of in-depth interviews and reminiscences provided by 15 individual respondents from six families about their food preferences and practices. This interview data was summarised and organised into six family case histories. Also in analysing New Zealand cookbooks, the thesis considers social changes related to the changing meaning of food and cooking in association with individuals’ gender roles. Particular attention was paid to the ‘de-gendering’ of cooking. If men are cooking more nowadays than in the past, do they invest this activity with different social meanings from women? If women spend less time on food preparation than in the past, do they depend more on convenience foods? This thesis investigates how such changes interact with the cultural and social significance of food and cooking.</p>

Reconceptualizing attachment-related differences: From Proximity-seeking to Epistemic trust

Theoretical models of personality and interpersonal relationships often concern themselves with the impact of early relational experiences on later development. Research inspired by attachment theory has addressed this question by focusing on how early experiences of being soothed when distressed give rise to attachment-related differences of lifelong significance. However, though most psychological researchers and practitioners are familiar with attachment-related differences, we currently do not understand how they influence the breadth of later outcomes with which they are associated. This knowledge gap is increasingly felt by researchers as threatening the validity of the theory. To support the continued vitality of attachment research, we propose a reconceptualization of attachment-related differences as broader differences in epistemic trust, which we define as the expectation that overtly communicated information is relevant to oneself. Our reconceptualization weaves together research on how infants learn from testimony, research in linguistic pragmatics (in particular, Relevance Theory), and attachment research. Specifically, we put forward four related theses: 1) that infant attachment patterns reflect differences in epistemic trust vis-à-vis the caregiver; 2) that these differences contribute to biases in interpreting and producing communication after infancy 3) that the so-called measures of “attachment” after infancy, such as the Adult Attachment Interview, capture a special case of these generalized biases; and finally, 4) that the inter-generational transmission of attachment-related differences can be viewed as resulting from infants adapting their own communication style to the communication style of the caregiver.

Subfertility of Offspring and Transgenerational Transmission of Splenic Transcriptome Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Hens

Background: Transgenerational phenotypes are linked to genetic background, environmental factors, and diseases. Maternal stimulation is one of the suspected contributing factors to transgenerational phenotypes, and recent evidence from human studies suggests that maternal immune stimulation affects the phenotype and gene expression of the offspring, but few similar studies were reported in poultry. Here, we used laying hens as a model organism to investigate the effects of maternal stimulation on hens' immunity and reproductive performance, as well as the regulatory role of the splenic transcriptome in hens induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Methods: To investigate the effect of maternal stimulation on egg-laying rate of hens and their offspring, laying hens were first intravenously injected with LPS. RNA-seq from the spleens of F0, F1, and F2 generations of hens was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the LPS group and controls. We investigated the effect of LPS maternal stimulation on the transcriptome of laying hens and its multi-generational transmission effect by analyzing shared genes, enrichment pathways, and protein-protein interaction networks across generations. We concentrated on immune and reproduction-related pathways and genes that existed across generations. Subsequently, we performed a correlation analysis between the DEGs associated with the multi-generational transmission effect and egg-laying rate of hens.Results: We found that the LPS maternal stimulation could reduce the egg-laying rate of hens and their offspring, especially during the early and late laying stages. The transcriptome study of the spleen in F0, F1 and F2 generations showed that the maternal stimulation of the LPS affects the patterns of gene expression in laying hens, and this change has the effect of transgenerational transmission. Further analysis of DEGs and their enrichment pathways found that the LPS maternal stimulation mainly affects the reproduction and immunity of laying hens and their offspring. The DEGs such as AVD, HPS5 CATHL2, S100A12, EXFABP, RSFR, LY86, PKD4, XCL1, FOS, TREM2 and MST1 may play an essential role in the regulation of the immunity and egg-laying rate of the hens. Furthermore, the MMR1L3, C3, F13A1, LY86 and GDPD2 genes with transgenerational transmission effects are highly correlated with the egg-laying rate. The DEGs mentioned above have an important reference value for research on the multi-generational transmission of maternal immune stimulation.Conclusions: In the current study, we discovered that maternal stimulation could reduce the immunity of laying hens and their offspring, resulting in a decrease in egg-laying rate. These effects could be regulated by the transcriptome's transgenerational transmission. Overall, our study is an important reference for future research into the multi-generational transmission of maternal stimulation, and the selected marker genes are of great significance to the breeding of laying hens.

Economic persistence despite adverse policies: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

We study the long-run persistence of relative economic well-being under adverse government policies using a combination of historical and contemporaneous data from Kyrgyzstan. After controlling for unobservable local effects, the economic well-being of Kyrgyz households in the 2010s correlates with the early 20th-century average wealth of their tribes. Inequality at the tribe level in the 2010s correlates with wealth inequality in the early 20th century. The likely channels of persistence are the inter-generational transmission of human capital, relative status, political power, and cultural traits. Transmission of material wealth, differences in natural endowments, or geographic sorting cannot explain persistence.