scholarly journals Wood anatomy of South African Meliaceae: evolutionary and ecological implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M O Oyedeji Amusa ◽  
B-E Van Wyk ◽  
A Oskolski
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
African Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Similar Composition ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract Wood structure in seven South African species of Ekebergia, Nymania, Trichilia and Turraea (Meliaceae) was studied and compared with data for other genera of the subfamily Melioideae to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and pathways of trait evolution in this group and to clarify the ecological significance of some wood characters. Non-septate fibres, the presence of crystals in axial parenchyma and relatively wide (> triseriate) heterocellular rays are the ancestral conditions for Melioideae. A loss of crystals confirms the monophyly of the clade embracing tribe Turraeeae and Pterorhachis. Uniseriate rays are synapomorphic for the Turraeeae+Trichilieae clade with secondary gains of wider rays in the Nymania+Pterorhachis lineage and in some species of Turraea and Trichilia. A close relationship between Nymania and Pterorhachis was also confirmed by their similarity in having small intervessel pits. Trichilia is distinctive by its homocellular rays made of square and upright cells. The close affinity between Ekebergia and Quivisianthe is confirmed by their similar composition of rays that consist only of procumbent cells. Nymania capensis and Turraea obtusifolia share narrower (< 50 µm) and more numerous (> 70 per mm2) vessel lumina than other species; these are adaptive features for their habitat.

Wood Anatomy of Lithraea Ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Martijena
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

A description of the wood structure of Lithraea ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae) is given. It is diffuse-porous, with pores solitary, in multiples, clusters and in chains, and small vessels with simple perforation plates. The rays are uni- and multiseriate, heterogeneous. It has paratracheal axial parenchyma and libriform fibres. Disjunctive cells and crystalliferous strands are present. The hydraulic tissue seems weil adapted to prolonged dry periods. One growth ring is generally formed each year. Moreover, other types of growth layers are delineated: intra-annual, lens-, half-Iens-, and arcshaped.

Wood Anatomy of Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. John Hayden ◽  
Mark P. Simmons ◽  
Linda J. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Wood anatomy of 29 specimens of seven species of Amanoa from tropieal Africa, South America, and the Caribbean is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with most vessels in short radial multiples. Vessel elements are notably long, have simple perforation plates and smalI, alternate intervessel pits; tyloses are present in heartwood. Libriform wood fibres bear thick walls. Axial parenchyma distribution is diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates. Chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma is common. Rays are heterocellular, narrow, and very tal!. The species examined, all from moist lowland forests, have similar wood structure. Wood of Amanoa resembles that of other primitive Euphorbiaceae.

WOOD ANATOMY OF SCHEFFLERA AND RELATED TAXA (ARALIACEAE). II. SYSTEMATIC WOOD ANATOMY OF NEW CALEDONIAN SCHEFFLERA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Porter P. Lowry II
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
First Time ◽  
Structure Diversity

The wood anatomy of 22 of the 26 species of Schefflera occurring in New Caledonia was studied. Only two features (the presence of scalariform perforation plates and scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma) appear to be constant throughout the species examined. The pattern of wood structure diversity was analyzed using PCA; the results generally agree with the current recognition of four groups of species among New Caledonian Schefflera based on macromorphology. Three of these groups (Dizygotheca, “Canacoschefflera” and “Gabriellae”) represent natural assemblages closely related to one another. The fourth group (Schefflera sect. Schefflera) is isolated from the others, as indicated by its very large rays and abundant septate fibres. The occurrence of crystals in chambered cells of axial parenchyma was observed for the first time in Araliaceae. The wood structure of Schefflera plerandroides, previously placed in the segregate genus Octotheca, shows no essential differences from that of the other members of the Dizygotheca group, supporting the hypothesis that polymerous flowers have evolved independently at least twice within the Schefflera alliance.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Aristolochiaceae; Systematic and Habital Correlations

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure

Wood of Aristolochiaceae has vessels with simple petforation plates; lateral wall pitting of vessels alternate to scalariform; tracheids, fibre-tracheids or libriform fibres present; axial parenchyma diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates, scanty vasicentric, and banded apotracheal; rays wide and tall, paedomorphic, multiseriate only, little altered during ontogeny (new rays originate suddenly as wid~ multiseriate rays); ethereal oil cells present in rays; wood structure storied. All of these features occur in Lactoridaceae and Piperaceae, and support the grouping of Aristolochiaceae with these families and the nonwoody family Saururaceae. Chloranthaceae may be the family next closest to this assemblage. Druses characteristically occur in rays of Aristolochia. Tracheids in Aristolochia may be correlated with the lianoid habit, although Holostylis, a caudex perennial thought close to Aristolochia, also has tracheids. The fibre-tracheids and libriform fibres of Apama and Thottea may be related to the sympodial shrubby habit of those two genera. On the basis of one species each of Apama and Thottea, the genera differ with respect to wood anatomy. The paedomorphic ray structure of all genera of Aristolochiaceae suggests an herbaceous or minimally woody ancestry rather than ancestors with typically woody monopodial habit. Types of bark structure observed in the species surveyed are briefly characterised. Storied wood structure and presence of druses and ethereal oil cells in rays are newly reported for the family.

Wood Anatomy Of Flueggea Anatolica (Phyllanthaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bedri Serdar ◽  
W. John Hayden ◽  
Salih Terzioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Good Match ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Southern Turkey ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy of Flueggea anatolica Gemici, a relictual endemic from southern Turkey, is described and compared with wood of its presumed relatives in Phyllanthaceae (formerly Euphorbiaceae subfamily Phyllanthoideae). Wood of this critically endangered species may be characterized as semi-ring porous with mostly solitary vessels bearing simple perforations, alternate intervessel pits and helical thickenings; imperforate tracheary elements include helically thickened vascular tracheids and septate libriform fibers; axial parenchyma consists of a few scanty paratracheal cells; rays are heterocellular, 1 to 6 cells wide, with some perforated cells present. Anatomically, Flueggea anatolica possesses a syndrome of features common in Phyllanthaceae known in previous literature as Glochidion-type wood structure; as such, it is a good match for woods from other species of the genus Flueggea.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Argemone (Papaveraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Carlquist ◽  
E.L. Schneider ◽  
R.B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Wood Bark ◽  
Shrubby Species ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Wood anatomy of Argemone fruticosa, sole shrubby species of the genus, is distinctive in having growth rings, thick-walled libriform fibres, thick-walled ray cells with large intercellular spaces, vessels with grooves interconnecting pit apertures, and restriction of vessels to central portions of fascicular areas. Most of these features are related to the xeric ecology of this species. Argemone turnerae is an herbaceous perennial with large roots and sterns, the wood of which exhibits features distinctively related to this habit, including succulence (axial parenchyma substitutes for libriform fibres). Both species of Argemone share such features as storied wood structure and absence of uniseriate rays, which are infrequent in dicotyledons at large but common in other Papaveraceae. Wood data are not decisive in indicating whether the ancestors of Argemone or Papaveraceae were woody or herbaceous, but several features indicative of paedomorphosis can be found in the wood. Bark of Argemone is briefly described.

Wood anatomy of Australian mirbelioids and allies (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Stepanova ◽  
A. A. Oskolski ◽  
B.-E. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Common Character

Detailed wood anatomical data for 22 species from 11 genera belonging to the tribes Bossiaeeae, Mirbelieae and Hypocalypteae (Fabaceae, subfamily Papilionoideae) are presented. No wood traits to distinguish clearly between the three tribes were found. On the contrary, they share a common character, namely, short vessel elements (distinctly shorter than in the tribe Baphieae, their sister group). This may be interpreted as a synapomorphy for the three tribes. The presence of numerous strongly branched protuberances in chambers of the vestured intervessel pits is seemingly an ancestral condition for this group. The occurrence of tanniniferous tubes in some Daviesia and Gastrolobium species is coherent with a close relationship between the mirbelioid clade and Hypocalypus, the only legume genus where these structures have previously been reported. The accumulation of tannins in ray cells can start at an early stage of their differentiation. The formation of tanniniferous tubes is seemingly a result of uneven elongation of ray cells with and without tannin deposits. In general, wood anatomical characters support the hypothesis (originally proposed in the pre-DNA era, based on morphological, cytological and chemical data) that the monotypic South African tribe Hypocalyptieae has the Australian tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae as its closest relatives, rather than Cape genistoid legumes.

scholarly journals COMPARED ANATOMY OF SPECIES OF Calycophyllum DC. (Rubiaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talita Baldin ◽  
Anelise Marta Siegloch ◽  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT The wood anatomy of three species and one variety of genus Calycophyllum DC. (C. candidissimum, C. multiflorum, C. spruceanum e C. spruceanum f. brasiliensis) is presently described according to IAWA (1989). Most of the observed characteristics agree with the common pattern described to family Rubiaceae, and allows grouping them in the "Type II" wood structure: predominantly radial multiple pores; axial parenchyma absent; large rays (2-4 or more cells), with few layers of square and upright cells in the margins; septate fibers with simple pits. These characters, observed in all studied species, do not agree with the anatomical pattern referred to Ixoroideae subfamily.

Two new species of Aphanarthrum Wollaston (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) associated with Euphorbia in South Africa

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1983 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJARTE H. JORDAL
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
South African ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
African Species ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
Two New Species

Two species of Aphanarthrum collected from dead spurges of Euphorbia in South Africa are illustrated and described as new to science. They represent the first records from the southern parts of Africa and thus significantly extend the known distribution of the genus. Analyses of the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Aphanarthrum and Coleobothrus based on molecular and morphological characters yielded a relatively well supported but nevertheless distant sister relationship between the two South African species. Their relationship to other Aphanarthrum remains uncertain and revealed deep divergence, indicative of a rather ancient origin. The peripheral distribution of the South African species and the broad availability of suitable host plants throughout the continent suggest that more species remain to be discovered in this region.

The South African species of Neotabuda Kröber (Diptera: Therevidae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Lyneborg
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
The South ◽  
African Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
New Synonymy

AbstractNeotabuda Kröber (1931) is a widespread genus of therevids in southern Africa. Its possible monophyly is discussed, and a sister-group relationship with the Palaearctic genus Salentia A. Costa is motivated. Twenty species are recognized, only five of which were described previously. All species are keyed, described and figured. They are arranged in two species-groups, each with two subgroups, and the phylogenetic relationships of these are discussed. The fifteen new species are: incrassaia (Cape Prov.), latifrons (Cape Prov.), longestylata (Cape Prov.), lanigera (Cape Prov.), pilosa (Cape Prov.), subpilosa (Cape Prov.), turneri (Cape Prov.), multisetosa (Cape Prov.), longicornis (Cape Prov.), tomentosa (Namibia), major (Namibia), natalensis (Natal Prov.), diversicornis (Natal Prov.), truncata (Mozambique, Natal Prov.), and nigropilusa (Cape Prov.). The five previously described species are (in their original combination): Thereva anthracina Loew, 1858; Orthactia nigra Kröber, 1912; Pachygenia nitida Kröber, 1912; Actorthia capensis Kröber, 1931; and Neotabuda ater Kröber, 1931. Pachygenia Kröber, 1912 and Neotabuda Kröber, 1931 are placed in new synonymy, but Pachygenia Kröber cannot be used because of its preoccupation by Pachygenia Motschulsky (1874).

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