On the Revival of Seal Script in Qing Dynasty

Seal script was formed in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. After the Qin Dynasty unified the six states, it was collectively known as "Xiaozhuan", which was a standardized common character at that time. Because of the complexity of writing and the need for deep ancient writing skills, the writing of later generations is time-consuming and laborious, so it is constantly limited in the development of later generations. With the rise of official script, regular script and running script, they gradually disappeared in the field of vision of the masses and had little influence. It was not until the late Ming and early Qing dynasties that the rise of Stele Study and Archaeology and the flourishing trend of restoring the ancients that the ancient style of seal script came into our view again. This paper will start from the background of the times and related calligraphers to explore the revival of seal script in Qing Dynasty.

Analysis of Character Education Values in 4th Grade Student Thematic Books in the 2013 Curriculum

This study aimed to analyze the values of character education in the thematic books of 4th-grade Curriculum 2013 students. Textbooks or teaching materials are among the most important learning tools in stimulating, advancing, educating, and improving the nation's welfare and having a meaningful role in student achievement. The importance of teaching materials as a medium for internalizing educational values, teaching materials should be packaged based on character education. The research was conducted at SDN Tanah Tinggi 7 Tangerang City in the 4th-grade skills. The method used is qualitative research. The data source used was the thematic book of the 2013 curriculum for the 4th-grade students. The data were obtained using content review techniques, observation, and interviews. Data analysis is done by using content analysis systematically on the thematic books being studied. The results showed that half of the 4th grade have loaded character values contracted in the 2013 curriculum. Values curriculum most common character is the character value friendly, communicative and likes to read. Meanwhile, the least character value found was the character value of the national spirit

The Oedipus Tale Type in Azerbaijani: Folklore and its Socio-Psychological Semantics

In this article, I analyze tales collected from Azerbaijani territories from a psycho-semantic perspective, specifically pertaining to the Oedipus tale type (AT: 931, 933). The incest taboo, a common theme in Azerbaijani society, is discouraged in these tales through symbolic behaviors. In these tales, which were collected in different Azerbaijani territories at different times, the transgression of the taboo of incest firstly happens between sisters and brothers, later between mothers and sons. When we approach the fairy tale plots presented in the context of the Oedipus complex, it becomes clear that these fairy tales are also organized on the basis of the son’s point of view. This is evident in the tales because of their descriptions of the father—a common character in the Oedipus tale type—as the culprit of all anti-social and unethical problems. In the texts I present, the heroes of the tales generally derive from the disruption of the incest taboo between the sister and the brother, who has been left to die. I argue that the baby born as a result of dismantling the incest taboo—being removed from the chain (or from the family environment) of the social relations by the parents to be left to die and later living and not recognizing his mother—is portrayed as the main fact in the explanation of the events’ semantics.

Morphological grounds for the obligate aerial respiration of an aquatic snail: functional and evolutionary perspectives

The freshwater caenogastropod family Ampullariidae is emerging as a model for a variety of studies, among them, the evolution of terrestriality. A common character of the family is that all its members bear a lung while retaining the ancestral gill. This ensures that many ampullariids are able to inhabit poorly oxygenated waters, to bury in the mud during estivation, and to temporarily leave the water, in some species for oviposition. To these charactersPomacea canaliculata(Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) adds that is an obligate air-breather. In a recent paper, we showed the gill epithelium ofP. canaliculatahas a set of characteristics that suggest its role for oxygen uptake may be less significant than its role in ionic/osmotic regulation and immunity. We complement here our morphological investigation on the respiratory organs ofP. canaliculataby studying the lung of this species at the anatomical (3D reconstructions of the blood system and nerve supply), histological and ultrastructural levels. The circulation of the gill and the lung are interconnected so that the effluence of blood from the gill goes to the lung where it completes oxygenation. Besides that, we found the lung cavity is lined by a pavement epithelium that encloses an anastomosing network of small blood spaces resting over a fibromuscular layer, which altogether form the respiratory lamina. The pavement cells form a blood-gas barrier that is 80–150 nm thick and thus fulfils the requirements for an efficient gas exchanger. Tufts of ciliary cells, together with some microvillar and secretory cells, are interspersed in the respiratory lamina. Rhogocytes, which have been proposed to partake in metal depuration and in the synthesis of hemocyanin in other gastropods, were found below the respiratory lamina, in close association with the storage cell tissue. In light of these findings, we discuss the functional role of the lung inP. canaliculataand compare it with that of other gastropods. Finally, we point to some similarities in the pattern of the evolution of air dependence in this family.

Seed Characterization and Relationships between Seed and Cotyledon Properties in Lagenaria spp. Accessions

Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] is widely produced in some Asian and African countries as a fresh vegetable as well as for seed consumption. A major use of bottle gourd is for rootstocks in grafted watermelon production. There are several centers where bottle gourd genetic resources are maintained, with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) germplasm collection being one of the most important. There is little published information on the relationship between seed morphology and the early establishment of seedlings in bottle gourd. The objective of this study was to determine seed characterization, morphology, and cotyledon shape in 163 Lagenaria spp. accessions and measure any relationship between seed and cotyledon characteristics. In USDA Lagenaria germplasm, it has been determined that the common character in seeds was medium in terms of seed size (53% of accessions), intermediate in seed surface lustre (39% of accessions), brown in seedcoat color (89% of accessions), thin and uniform in seed margin (35% of accessions), and tan in seed margin color (64% of accessions). According to the research results, seed weight ranged from 0.11 g (PI 500820) to 0.36 g (PI 675112), seed length from 13.17 mm (PI 500820) to 23.68 mm (PI 675112), and seed width from 5.86 (PI 500808) to 11.21 mm (PI 491274). Cotyledon length ranged from 5.46 cm (PI 368640) to 2.47 cm (PI 381850). The widest cotyledon was 3.00 cm (PI 534552), and the narrowest was 1.50 cm (PI 381831). Interesting correlations were observed for seed weight with seed length (R2 = 0.259), and cotyledon length with cotyledon width (R2 = 0.547).

THE COMMON CHARACTER OF THE POETICS IN THE WEDDING CEREMONIAL POETRY OF RUTULS, AGULS, TSAKHURS

The article considers the artistic originality of wedding-ritual poetry of three indigenous peoples of Southern Dagestan. The essential role played by the relationship of the text with melody, common features of music of all the peoples of Southern Dagestan are accentuated, specifics is shown.

Little Known Russian Church Wooden Sculpture Works of 18th-19th Centuries

Во время экспедиций по программе Свода памятников выявляется довольно много церковной скульптуры. Однако деревянная пластика рассеяна по разным томам Свода, а краткие тексты и отсутствие достаточного числа фотографий не позволяют судить о характере найденных произведений. В сложившихся условиях возрастает необходимость отдельной статьи, специально посвящённой неизвестным ранее скульптурам. Основная часть произведений, приведённых в статье, находится в храмах Владимирской, Рязанской, Тверской и Калужской областей. Практически все они впервые вводятся в научный оборот. Изучение данной скульптуры расширяет представление о развитии не только церковного, но всего отечественного искусства Нового времени. Публикуемые памятники отражают разнообразные стилистические направления, технические и художественные приёмы мастеров Центральной России, несмотря на общность процессов искусства в России того времени. Одной из основных задач публикации стало стремление внести ясность в многообразие направлений регионального искусства, что может способствовать более точной атрибуции. Среди богатства направлений условно выделяются несколько основных, зачастую связанных между собой и пронизанных древнерусскими реминисценциями, - тяготеющее к примитиву, барочное и классицистическое. В статье приводятся шесть Распятий и три Усекновенные главы Иоанна Предтечи, каждая из которых по-своему уникальна и заслуживает отдельного исследования в будущем. Знакомство с данными памятниками русского резного искусства даёт возможность провести параллели с широко известными произведениями. In the course of the expeditions undertaken within the Code of monuments project many works of church sculpture were revealed. However, the plastic arts pieces are dispersed over the different volumes of the Code, moreover, the short descriptive texts and the lack of sufficient number of photographs do not allow us to properly estimate the significance of the works found. This situation necessitates a special paper devoted to the previously unknown sculptures to be prepared. The main part of the works described in the paper is from the churches of Vladimir, Ryazan, Tver and Kaluga regions. Practically all of them are introduced for scientific use for the first time. The study of the sculptures broadens our knowledge about the development not only of the church art but of the whole Russian art of New time. The monuments being published reflect different stylistic trends, the technical and artistic devices of the Central Russia masters despite the common character of the artistic processes in Russia of that time. One of the major tasks of the publication is striving to put in order the regional art trends diversity that is to provide for the more exact attribution. Within the wealth of stylistic trends it is possible to conditionally distinguish several basic ones - those next to primitivism, in baroque and classicistic - often closely associated with each other and all permeated with the Old Russian reminiscences. There are six Crucifixions and three Heads of St. John the Forerunner described in the paper each of which is unique in its own way and deserves a separate study in future. Getting to know the introduced monuments of the Russian carved arts makes it possible to draw a parallel between them and well-known works of art.

Orthography Standardization

This chapter discusses the historical background to orthographies in African languages based on the Roman script, which poses challenges in particular with respect to the representation of vowels and tone. The development of such orthographies may be initiated as part of the intangible cultural heritage endeavor, more specifically the documentation of endangered languages or language diversity as part of human rights, but also for primary education or Bible translation purposes. In terms of language planning, three contrasting social models of orthography standardization are distinguished below: the laissez-faire model, the top-down model, and the community-based model. As further shown, common character inventories play a role at the intra-language as well as the language family level as well as on a national and international level. These practices are illustrated with two case studies, that of Ik in Uganda and that of Aja in Benin and Togo.

Wybrane prawnokarne aspekty ochrony praw autorskich

This article refers to the issues associated with crimes against intellectual property that are regulated in the act of copyright and related rights.The most relevant questions connected with the application of the regulations, especially article 115 and 116 copyright and related rights and a fewother acts discussed in the text. There was also an elaboration of the fundamental rights that are protected by this act. The topic, which was frst elaborated from the theoretic view, was further collated with controversial practical examples. Development of the technology may cause problems with theapplication of the regulations. Plagiarism is mostly associated with literarycompositions. In the article, an example of modern art was submitted. Itappears that the issue of plagiarism is not very clear in practice, since it ispossible to be inspired by the same subjects. Moreover, there are things thatare not protected by copyright law, because of their common character. Theavailability and ease of re-enactment and reproduction of compositions thatare protected by copyright involve signifcant risks and potential violationsof these rights. An example was given in a case with tattoos and their copyrights, but also their penal law protection. The imprecise and abstract character of copyrights may be a starting point to abuse the protection of copyrights and related rights in civil as well as criminal law.