scholarly journals A taxonomic survey of monocotylar Apiaceae and the implications of their morphological diversity for their systematics and evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-473
Author(s):  
Eugene V Kljuykov ◽  
Svetlana E Petrova ◽  
Galina V Degtjareva ◽  
Ekaterina A Zakharova ◽  
Tahir H Samigullin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Family

Abstract In Apiaceae, embryos of most species have two cotyledons, but some species are consistently monocotylar. Traditionally, the monocotyly has been considered as taxonomically important at the generic level, despite its presumably multiple origins in the family. In this study, a survey of the published literature and our new findings on cotyledon number, embryo and seedling morphology and nrDNA ITS sequence data are presented to provide modern insights into the taxonomic distribution and phylogenetic relationships of monocotylar taxa. A molecular phylogenetic tree representing much of the diversity of monocotylar Apiaceae was produced to re-evaluate the potential implication of monocotyly for systematics and to elucidate its evolutionary significance in the family. Our data document the presence of monocotylar seedlings in 59 species representing 15 genera, in three species and one genus (Postiella) of which monocotylar seedlings are reported for the first time. Analysis of ITS sequence data indicates that monocotyly in Apiaceae has arisen independently in at least seven different lineages encompassing five of 41 major clades of subfamily Apioideae, but not in early-diverging lineages. Parallel evolution has resulted in a remarkable morphological similarity in monocotylar embryo and seedling organization, especially in the proportion of the cotyledon length to the axis of the embryo and the multifunctional cotyledonary tube in the seedling. These features could be considered as adaptations to a geophilic life form, as all monocotylar species are perennial herbs with tuberous underground organs distributed mainly in the Ancient Mediterranean region. The single cotyledon in Apiaceae, as in most other monocotyledonous eudicots, could be interpreted as two united cotyledons (syncotyly), but further developmental studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

Molecular and Morphological evolution in the Physciaceae (Lecanorales, Lichenized Ascomycotina), with Special Emphasis on the Genus Rinodina

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Grube ◽  
Ulf Arup
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Crustose Lichens

AbstractA phylogenetic hypothesis based on nuclear ITS sequence data is presented for the family Physciaceae based on various representatives of foliose and fruticose groups and a number of species selected from the crustose genera Rinodina and Buellia s.l. The analysis supports the monophyly of the Physcia- and the Buellia- groups. This is in agreement with existing morphological evidence, particularly ascus characters. The Physcia group in the analysis includes the genera Anaptychia, Heterodermia, Hyperphyscia, Mobergia, Phaeophyscia, Phaeorrhiza, Physcia, Physconia, Rinodina, and Rinodinella, while the Buellia group includes Amandinea, Buellia and Diploicia. The genera Physcia, Phaeophyscia, Phaeorrhiza and Rinodinella were well supported as monophyletic groups. The support for Physconia is low. Rinodina and Buellia are not supported as monophyletic genera. In agreement with ascus and ascospore characters, Buellia lindingeri is placed within the Rinodina group, close R. lecanorina. The genus Amandinea as currently circumscribed was not supported as a monophyletic group. The analysis confirms results from other lichen families that foliose members have evolved more than once from crustose lichens. Rinodina and Rinodinella species without chemical compounds in their thalli form the sister group to Phaeophyscia, and both groups form a monophyletic assemblage. A more detailed analysis of the Physcia group is presented. Whilst several of the foliose genera were well supported, there is only poor support for traditionally accepted crustose genera. The taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.

PHYLOGENY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CHARACTER EVOLUTION OF DORSTENIA (MORACEAE)

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Misiewicz ◽  
N. C. Zerega
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Woody Habit ◽  
Origin Hypothesis

Dorstenia, the second largest genus (105 species) within the Moraceae, is the only genus in the family with woody, herbaceous and succulent species. All but one species of Dorstenia are restricted to the Neotropics or Africa, and it is the only genus in the family with an almost equal transatlantic distribution. This work presents the first molecular phylogeny and the first evolutionary study to examine origin and diversification within the genus. We inferred the phylogeny with ITS sequence data using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. We tracked the evolution of distinct morphological characters and tested for correlated evolution in multiple characters. Time and place of Dorstenia’s origin were estimated to test a post-Gondwanan versus a Gondwanan origin hypothesis using fossil calibrations, Bayesian molecular dating, and maximum likelihood-based ancestral range reconstructions. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of Dorstenia; previous subgeneric classifications are polyphyletic and must be re-evaluated. Woody habit, phanerophytic life form, macrospermy, and lack of storage organs are ancestral traits found in African Dorstenia. Evolution of woodiness and macrospermy are correlated. Dorstenia appears to have originated in Africa, radiated into the Neotropics and subsequently re-colonised Africa. Whether or not the extant distribution is the result of vicariance or dispersal is equivocal.

Heterocyphelium leucampyx (Arthoniales, Ascomycota): another orphaned mazaediate lichen finds its way home

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dries VAN DEN BROECK ◽  
Robert LÜCKING ◽  
Ester GAYA ◽  
José Luis CHAVES ◽  
Julius B. LEJJU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family

AbstractHeterocyphelium is a mazaediate genus containing a single species, H. leucampyx. The species was originally described from Cuba within the genus Trachylia (Arthoniales, Arthoniaceae) and later placed in various genera of the collective order Caliciales s. lat. For the past three decades, Heterocyphelium was considered an orphaned genus (incertae sedis) within the Ascomycota, since morphology alone could not resolve its systematic position. In this study, we added molecular data with the aim of resolving this uncertainty. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of newly generated sequence data from the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA small subunit (mtSSU) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2) provide clear evidence that Heterocyphelium leucampyx is nested within the order Arthoniales, in the family Lecanographaceae, sister to the genus Alyxoria. Heterocyphelium is a further example of parallel evolution of passive spore dispersal, prototunicate asci and the occurrence of a mazaedium in the Ascomycota, and another calicioid genus whose systematic placement could be eventually clarified by means of molecular data. Heterocyphelium is the fourth mazaediate genus in Arthoniales, in addition to Sporostigma, Tylophorella and Tylophoron.

The Phylogeny of Rhizocephalan Parasites of the Genus Heterosaccus using Molecular and Larval Data (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala; Sacculinidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Glenner ◽  
Philip Francis Thomsen ◽  
Alexey V. Rybakov ◽  
Bella S. Galil ◽  
Jens T. Hoeg
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family

Within parasitic barnacles of the family Sacculinidae, the genus Heterosaccus is the third largest, with 12 species infesting various brachyuran hosts throughout the world. As part of an effort to reconstruct rhizocephalan phylogeny we performed an analysis of four species of Heterosaccus and of selected sacculinid and non-sacculinid rhizocephalans. We used both molecular sequence data (16s rDNA and 18s rDNA) and morphological characters from an SEM analysis of the cypris larvae. Using Bayesian methods we obtained a highly supported tree in which the four species of Heterosaccus form a monophylum, whereas both the genus Sacculina and the family Sacculinidae are polyphyletic. The sistergroup to Heterosaccus is a clade consisting of the sacculinids Loxothylacus panopaei and the "classical" rhizocephalan Sacculina carcini. The molecular results found support in cypris morphology, where we identified two distinct synapomorphies for Heterosaccus, both present in male cyprids only: A large flap extending posteriorly from the third antennular segment, and the male-specific aesthetasc on the third segment being reduced to a rudiment or lacking completely. Female cyprids didn't show generic level apomorphies but resembled those of other sacculinid species. No morphological synapomorphies were identified between Heterosaccus, L. panopaei and S. carcini. While larval characters proved to be informative, we conclude that future studies on rhizocephalan taxonomy must rely primarily on molecular data, both to provide an overall phylogenetic framework and to assure an accurate identification of species for biogeographical and other biological purposes.

scholarly journals Muriphaeosphaeria galatellae gen. et sp. nov. in Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 227 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chayanard Phukhamsakda ◽  
Hiran A. Ariyawansa ◽  
Rungtiwa Phookamsak ◽  
Putarak Chomnunti ◽  
Timur S. Bulgakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Distinct Lineage ◽  
Thin Walled

Muriphaeosphaeria galatellae was collected from Galatella villosa in Russia and is introduced as a novel monotypic genus and species in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales). Muriphaeosphaeria is distinct from other genera of the family Phaeosphaeriaceae by its unique suite of characters such as, superficial ascomata with an ascomatal wall comprising thin-walled brown cells, cellular pseudoparaphyses, muriform ascospores; and conidiomata with a thick hyaline inner wall layer producing cylindrical to subclavate, 1−3-transversely septate, brown conidia. The asexual morph of M. galatellae developed in cultures when grown on sterilized pine needles and bamboo pieces. A phylogenetic analysis based on combined LSU, SSU and ITS sequence data showed that M. galatellae forms a distinct lineage in Phaeosphaeriaceae. The new genus and species are introduced and compared with other taxa in the family.

scholarly journals Morphology, ontogeny and structure of the stipular nectaries in Caamembeca spectabilis (Polygalaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Patrícia Pantoja Serrão FILGUEIRA ◽  
Tatiani Yuriko Souza KIKUCHI ◽  
Márlia Regina COELHO-FERREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
First Record ◽  
Extrafloral Nectaries ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Nodal Region ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Family ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
Functional Knowledge

ABSTRACT Nodal glands are found in one third of the Polygalaceae genera and have valuable taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary significance. In Brazil, they occur in five of the eleven genera already registered. However, there is still a controversy regarding the origin of these structures. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphology and the origin of nodal glands inCaamembeca spectabilis, in order to increase the structural and functional knowledge of these glands in the genera. Samples of nodal regions were collected, fixed and processed according to the methods of light microscopy and electron scanning. Ants were observed and identified along the stem axis. The glucose in exudate allows us to classify these glands as extrafloral nectaries. They are located in pairs on the nodal region. However, its origin is in the leaf trace. In the longitudinal section, the nectaries were present in the apex of cells with anticlinal walls impregnated with suberin, which represents the first record for the family. In this region there is also the formation of a hole by lysis. The secretory tissue is surrounded by phloem. Xylem vessels were observed only on the basis of the nectary, where there are also idioblasts with crystals in druse type. We have studied the ontogeny of the glands nodal in Caamembeca spectabilis and unveiled that these glands are linked to the leaves as stipular nectaries. In addition, the new findings presented here may add support for the understanding of morphology and anatomy of nodal glands in Caamembeca.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences suggests a Pliocene origin for the bipolar distribution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Smissen ◽  
P. J. Garnock-Jones ◽  
G. K. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Bipolar Distribution ◽  
Recent Origin

Scleranthus is a genus of about 12 species of herbaceous plants or subshrubs native to Eurasia and Australasia. Here Scleranthus is shown to consist of European and Australasian clades, which diverged within the last 10 million years. Biogeographic implications of this dating and alternative hypotheses explaining the disjunct north–south distribution of the genus, are discussed. The trans-Tasman distributions of S. biflorus and S. brockiei are of recent origin and therefore consistent with long-distance dispersal rather than vicariance explanations. Morphological and ITS sequence data sets are significantly incongruent and trees derived from them differ over relationships among Australasian species. Hybridisation and introgression or lineage sorting are invoked to explain this discordance. Within the family Caryophyllaceae, Scleranthus ITS2 sequences have greater similarity to sequences from representatives of the subfamilies Alsinoideae and Caryophylloideae than to sequences from representatives of the subfamily Paronychioideae.

A REVISED GENERIC SYNOPSIS OF HYACINTHACEAE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, BASED ON MOLECULAR EVIDENCE, INCLUDING NEW COMBINATIONS AND THE NEW TRIBE PSEUDOPROSPEREAE

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MANNING ◽  
P. GOLDBLATT ◽  
M. F. FAY
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
New Tribe ◽  
Sub Saharan

A revised generic synopsis of sub-Saharan Hyacinthaceae is presented, based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family. Generic rank is accorded only to reciprocally monophyletic clades that can be distinguished by recognizable morphological discontinuities, thereby permitting an appropriate generic assignment of species not included in the analysis. Three subfamilies are recognized within the region. Subfamily Ornithogaloideae, characterized by flattened or angular seeds with tightly adhering testa, is considered to include the single genus Ornithogalum, which is expanded to include the genera Albuca, Dipcadi, Galtonia, Neopatersonia and Pseudogaltonia. Recognizing any of these segregates at generic level renders the genus Ornithogalum polyphyletic, while subdivision of Ornithogalum into smaller, morphologically distinguishable segregates in order to preserve the monophyly of each is not possible. Subfamily Urgineoideae, characterized by flattened or winged seeds with brittle, loosely adhering testa, comprises the two mainland African genera Bowiea and Drimia. The latter is well circumscribed by its deciduous, short-lived perianth and includes the previously recognized genera Litanthus, Rhadamanthus, Schizobasis and Tenicroa. The monotypic Madagascan Igidia is provisionally included in the subfamily as a third genus on the basis of its seeds, pending molecular confirmation of its relationships. Subfamily Hyacinthoideae resolves into three clades, distinguished as tribes Hyacintheae (strictly northern hemisphere and not treated further), Massonieae and Pseudoprospereae tribus nov. Full descriptions and a key to their identification are provided for all genera. New combinations reflecting the generic circumscriptions adopted here are made for most African and all Indian and Madagascan species.

The status of Myriangiaceae (Dothideomycetes)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHA J. DISSANAYAKE ◽  
RUVISHIKA S. JAYAWARDENA ◽  
SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE ◽  
KASUN M. THAMBUGALA ◽  
QING TIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sexual State ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Asexual State ◽  
Molecular Characters

The family Myriangiaceae is relatively poorly known amongst the Dothideomycetes and includes genera which are saprobic, epiphytic and parasitic on the bark, leaves and branches of various plants. The family has not undergone any recent revision, however, molecular data has shown it to be a well-resolved family closely linked to Elsinoaceae in Myriangiales. Both morphological and molecular characters indicate that Elsinoaceae differs from Myriangiaceae. In Elsinoaceae, small numbers of asci form in locules in light coloured pseudostromata, which form typical scab-like blemishes on leaf or fruit surfaces. The coelomycetous, “Sphaceloma”-like asexual state of Elsinoaceae, form more frequently than the sexual state; conidiogenesis is phialidic and conidia are 1-celled and hyaline. In Myriangiaceae, locules with single asci are scattered in a superficial, coriaceous to sub-carbonaceous, black ascostromata and do not form scab-like blemishes. No asexual state is known. In this study, we revisit the family Myriangiaceae, and accept ten genera, providing descriptions and discussion on the generic types of Anhellia, Ascostratum, Butleria, Dictyocyclus, Diplotheca, Eurytheca, Hemimyriangium, Micularia, Myriangium and Zukaliopsis. The genera of Myriangiaceae are compared and contrasted. Myriangium duriaei is the type species of the family, while Diplotheca is similar and may possibly be congeneric. The placement of Anhellia in Myriangiaceae is supported by morphological and molecular data. Because of similarities with Myriangium, Ascostratum (A. insigne), Butleria (B. inaghatahani), Dictyocyclus (D. hydrangea), Eurytheca (E. trinitensis), Hemimyriangium (H. betulae), Micularia (M. merremiae) and Zukaliopsis (Z. amazonica) are placed in Myriangiaceae. Molecular sequence data from fresh collections is required to confirm the relationships and placement of the genera in this family.

scholarly journals Sequence data from isolated lichen-associated melanized fungi enhance delimitation of two new lineages within Chaetothyriomycetidae

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-927
Author(s):  
Lucia Muggia ◽  
Yu Quan ◽  
Cécile Gueidan ◽  
Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi ◽  
Martin Grube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Asexual Propagation ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rock Inhabiting Fungi ◽  
Stable Habitat

AbstractLichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by a wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity of fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members of the Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically in the lichen thalli, even if they share ancestry with fungi that may be parasitic on their host. Mycelia of the isolates are characterized by melanized cell walls and the fungi display exclusively asexual propagation. Their taxonomic placement requires, therefore, the use of DNA sequence data. Here, we consider recently published sequence data from lichen-associated fungi and characterize and formally describe two new, individually monophyletic lineages at family, genus, and species levels. The Pleostigmataceae fam. nov. and Melanina gen. nov. both comprise rock-inhabiting fungi that associate with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine habitats. The phylogenetic placement and the monophyly of Pleostigmataceae lack statistical support, but the family was resolved as sister to the order Verrucariales. This family comprises the species Pleostigma alpinum sp. nov., P. frigidum sp. nov., P. jungermannicola, and P. lichenophilum sp. nov. The placement of the genus Melanina is supported as a lineage within the Chaetothyriales. To date, this genus comprises the single species M. gunde-cimermaniae sp. nov. and forms a sister group to a large lineage including Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphellophoraceae, and Trichomeriaceae. The new phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Chaetothyiomycetidae provides new insight into genus and family level delimitation and classification of this ecologically diverse group of fungi.

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