The Relationship Between Household Food Insufficiency and Development of Type 2 Diabetes over 10 Years in a Sample of U.S. Black and White Adults

Abstract Objectives Household food insufficiency (HFI) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) but longitudinal studies are scarce. Our objectives were to test the relationship of 1) HFI during young-to-middle adulthood with risk of T2D 10 years (y) later; and 2) transient (1 time) or persistent (2 times) HFI with odds of T2D. Methods We used data from 3672 black and white adults (32–49y) from Year 15, 20, and 25 follow-up exams of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (2000–2011). Participants with missing HFI or T2D data, prevalent T2D at Year 15 (and Year 20 for objective 2), or reported pregnancy were excluded (n = 720), for a total of n = 2952. At each exam, a screener question captured HFI over the past 12 months. Participants reporting that the food they had to eat was not always what they wanted, sometimes not enough, or often not enough were categorized with HFI. Participants with enough of the kinds of food they wanted were categorized with household food sufficiency. T2D was defined as fasting serum glucose ≥126 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%. Multivariable-adjusted repeated-measures and logistic regression models tested the relationships between HFI at Year 15 with risk of T2D at Year 25, and between transient or persistent HFI from Years 15 to 20 with odds of T2D at Year 25, respectively. Results T2D prevalence was 4.7% at Year 20 and 9.7% at Year 25. At Year 15, 13.2% reported HFI, and 14.6% and 5.2% were categorized with transient or persistent HFI, respectively. Adjusted for age, sex, and race, HFI at Year 15 was associated with 36% higher risk of T2D by Year 25 (Risk Ratio (95% Confidence Interval (RR (95% CI)): 1.36 (1.02, 1.80); P < 0.05), though the relationship was attenuated after adjustment for education (1.28 (0.96, 1.71)). Compared to no HFI at Years 15 and 20, participants with persistent, but not transient, HFI had higher odds of T2D at Year 25 in fully-adjusted models (Odds Ratio (OR (95% CI)): persistent HFI: 2.06 (1.09, 3.67), P < 0.05; transient HFI: 1.26 (0.76, 2.01)). Conclusions Transient or persistent exposure to HFI in young-to-middle adulthood may be a risk factor for developing T2D among black and white adults. Preventing and reducing HFI may be a strategy to reduce socioeconomic and racial disparities in T2D prevalence in the U.S. Funding Sources SDSU University Grants Program; NIH NHLBI K01.

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Sex Difference Impacts on the Relationship between Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and Type 2 Diabetes

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9080683 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 683

Author(s):

Valentina Rosta ◽

Alessandro Trentini ◽

Angelina Passaro ◽

Giovanni Zuliani ◽

Juana Maria Sanz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Paraoxonase 1 ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Pon1 Activity ◽

Partial Loss ◽

The Relationship ◽

Gender Specific

Type-2 diabetes (T2D) and its cardiovascular complications are related to sex. Increasing evidence suggests that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, an antioxidant enzyme bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), is implicated in the onset and clinical progression of T2D. Since we previously showed that PON1 is a sexual dimorphic protein, we now investigated whether sex might impact the relationship between PON1 and this chronic disease. To address this aim, we assessed PON1 activity in the sera of 778 patients, including controls (women, n = 383; men, n = 198) and diabetics (women, n = 79; men = 118). PON1 activity decreased in both women and men with T2D compared with controls (p < 0.05 and p > 0.001, respectively), but the change was 50% larger in the female cohort. In line with this result, the enzyme activity was associated with serum glucose level only in women (r = −0.160, p = 0.002). Notably, only within this gender category, lower PON1 activity was independently associated with increased odds of being diabetic (odds ratio (95% Confidence interval: 2.162 (1.075–5.678)). In conclusion, our study suggests that PON1-deficiency in T2D is a gender-specific phenomenon, with women being more affected than men. This could contribute to the partial loss of female cardiovascular advantage associated with T2D.

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Plasma FGF-21 and Sclerostin Levels, Glycemia, Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity in Normoglycemic Black and White Adults

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab183 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nkiru Umekwe ◽

Ibiye Owei ◽

Frankie Stentz ◽

Sam Dagogo-Jack

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Fibroblast Growth ◽

Black And White ◽

Fasting Plasma ◽

White Adults

Abstract Increased circulating fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 and sclerostin levels have been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We assessed the association of FGF-21 and sclerostin with adiposity, glycemia and glucoregulatory measures in healthy subjects. We studied 20 normoglycemic Black and White offspring of parents with T2D. Assessments included OGTT, insulin sensitivity (Si-clamp), insulin secretion (HOMA-B), and body fat (DXA). Fasting plasma FGF-21 and sclerostin levels were measured with ELISAs. The participants' mean (+SD) age was 50.4 ± 5.97 yr; BMI 32.5 ± 5.86 kg/m2; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 96.1 ± 5.21 mg/dl, and 2-hr post-load glucose (2hPG) 116 ± 5.45 mg/dl. FGF-21 levels were similar in Blacks vs. Whites (0.36 ± 0.15 ng/ml vs. 0.39 ± 0.25 ng/ml), men vs. women (0.45 ± 0.14 vs. 0.44 ± 0.07ng/ml), correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.23, P=0.05) and waist circumference (r=0.27, P=0.04), and inversely with FPG (r= -0.26, P=0.05). Sclerostin levels also were similar in Blacks (33.5 ± 17.1 pmol/l) vs. Whites (34.2 ± 6.41 pmol/l), men vs. women (35.3 ± 9.01 pmol/l vs. 32.3 ± 15.8 pmol/l), and correlated inversely with FPG (r= - 0.11-0.44) but not adiposity measures. The correlation coefficient between Si-clamp values and FGF-21 levels was -0.31 (P=0.09) compared with 0.04 (P=0.89) for sclerostin levels. FGF-21 and sclerostin levels were not correlated with each other or HOMA-B. Among healthy Black and White subjects, plasma FGF-21 and sclerostin showed differential associations with adiposity but concordant association with FPG levels.

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Correlates of Age Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Among Relatively Young Black and White Adults in a Community: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc11-1818 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1341-1346 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Q. M. Nguyen ◽

J.-H. Xu ◽

W. Chen ◽

S. R. Srinivasan ◽

G. S. Berenson

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Bogalusa Heart Study ◽

Black And White ◽

Heart Study ◽

White Adults

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A Comparison of the Use and Quality of Antidiabetic Medication Regimens Between Non-Hispanic Black and White Adults With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes in the US

The Diabetes Educator ◽

10.1177/0145721716628650 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 234-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandra Perez ◽

Shara Elrod ◽

Jesus Sanchez

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Antidiabetic Medication ◽

Black And White ◽

The Us ◽

White Adults

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Skeletal Muscle Ratio: A Complete Mediator of Physical Activity and HbA1C in Type 2 Diabetes

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800420942884 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 536-543

Author(s):

Sen-Te Wang ◽

Yen-Kuang Lin ◽

Shuen-Fu Weng ◽

Chen-Ling Huang ◽

Hui-Chuan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Activity Level ◽

Visceral Fat Area ◽

The Relationship

Background: An increase in the physical activity level reduces body weight, decreases body fat, increases skeletal muscle mass, and improves serum glucose; however, the influence of body composition parameters on the relationship between physical activity and serum glucose remains unclear. Objective: This study investigated whether skeletal muscle and visceral fat affect the relationship between high physical activity and long-term serum glucose goals. Method: This cross-sectional study recruited patients with type 2 diabetes. The Chinese version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for estimating the physical activity level, and a bioimpedance device was used to measure the skeletal muscle ratio (skeletal muscle mass/total body weight, %) and visceral fat area (cm2). Hierarchical logistic regression models and mediation tests were conducted according to Hayes’ procedures. Results: Of the total 543 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes enrolled, HbA1C levels of fewer than half (n = 243, 44.8%) met the target of ≤7.0%. The skeletal muscle ratio was found to be a complete mediator (OR = 0.920, 95% CI: 0.848 to 0.998; indirect effect: −0.238, 95% CI: −0.525 to −0.020) of the relationship between high physical activity and the target HbA1C level after controlling for visceral fat area (indirect effect: −0.013, 95% CI: −0.183 to 0.156), age, time since diabetes diagnosis, and rice intake. Conclusion: Nurses should include an increase in the skeletal muscle ratio as an objective in physical activity interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes to help them achieve their long-term serum glucose goals.

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