scholarly journals Effects of Ad Libitum Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets on Body Weight and Fat Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 658-658
Author(s):  
Alex Schick ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Amber Courville ◽  
Isabelle Gallagher ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To describe the effects of ad libitum low-fat (LF) and low-carbohydrate (LC) diets on body weight and fat mass. Methods Sixteen adults without diabetes spent 29 continuous days residing at the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit of the NIH Clinical Center where they were fed ad libitum either an animal-based, LC diet (75% fat, 10% carbohydrates, 15% protein) or a plant-based, LF diet (75% carbohydrates, 10% fat, 15% protein). Participants were randomly assigned to one diet for the first phase of the study (14 days), after which they were switched to the other diet for the remainder of the study. Participants were given three meals daily and were provided with additional snacks amounting to 200% of their daily energy requirements as determined by their resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Subjects were told that this was not a weight loss study and were not informed about the primary study aim. They were instructed to eat as much or as little as they desired. Total body weight and fat mass were measured using a calibrated scale and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Subjects were blinded to their data and wore loose-fitting scrubs to avoid any feedback regarding changes in the fit of their clothing. Results Subjects included 7 women and 9 men, with an age of (mean ± SE) 29 ± 1.7 years and BMI of 27.5 ± 1.5 at baseline. Participants lost weight on both diets, with the LC diet resulting in 1.34 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.0006) and the LF diet resulting in 1.09 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.003) which was not significantly different from the LC diet (P = 0.58). However, participants lost 0.6 ± 0.17 kg of body fat on the LF diet (P = 0.002) but the LC diet did not result in significant body fat loss (0.04 ± 0.17 kg; P = 0.8) and the difference in body fat loss between the diets was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Conclusions While participants lost similar amounts of weight on both diets, only the LF diet led to significant body fat loss. Early weight loss with a LC diet does not necessarily reflect a similar state of negative energy balance as compared with a LF diet. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

scholarly journals Restricting Calories on Low-Carbohydrate vs Low-fat Diets for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1609-1609
Author(s):  
Anthony Basile ◽  
Michael Renner ◽  
Jessica Scillian ◽  
Karen Sweazea
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Fat Mass Loss

Abstract Objectives As the never-ending macronutrient debate for weight loss continues, conflicting evidence persist. Per the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis, a low-carbohydrate diet (LC) should produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a low-fat/calorie diet (LF) by releasing less of the anabolic hormone insulin. However, from a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, does restricting calories on a LC diet produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a LF diet? Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of LC vs LF trials for weight loss was conducted and data were collected from 53 studies. Weight loss data were converted to kcals (1 kg = 3500 kcals) and a ratio was produced for each individual diet (ID-Ratio: weight loss in kcals/restricted dietary kcals) where a ratio of 1 indicates that one dietary kcal restriction equals one kcal of weight loss. Next, to compare the two diets, a comparison ratio (DC-Ratio: LC ID-Ration/LF ID-Ratio) was produced where a ratio greater than 1 indicates greater weight loss per dietary calorie restricted with LC diet. These calculations were repeated for body fat loss for full duration (n = 30 trials) and time of greatest weight loss (TGWL; Weight Loss: n = 19 trials; Fat Mass Loss: n = 4 trials). Results LC diets produced a greater weight loss (Full Duration: 6.10 kg vs 4.86 kg; n = 53 trials; P = 0.024; TGWL: 6.29 kg vs 4.34 kg; n = 19 trials; P = 0.024), however no difference was found for the amount of restricted calories or fat mass loss for either duration. No difference was found for the LC and LF ID-Ratios for weight or fat mass loss for either duration. The mean weight loss DC-Ratio was greater than 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.61, SD: 1.71, n = 53 studies, P = 0.004; TGWL Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.0, n = 19 trails, P = 0.010) indicating a greater weight loss per calorie restricted with a LC diet. However, the fat loss DC-Ratio was not different from 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.09, n = 30 trials, P = 0.552; TGWL Mean: 1.25, SD: 0.53, n = 4 trials, P = 0.428). Conclusions From a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, restricting calories on a LC diet produced a greater weight loss for the full duration of the trails and at the time of greatest weight loss compared to a LF diet. As no effect was seen on LC diets and fat mass loss, these results do not support the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis of obesity. Funding Sources School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.

Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Ryan ◽  
R. E. Pratley ◽  
D. Elahi ◽  
A. P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Resistive Training

Percent body fat increases with age and is often accompanied by a loss in muscle mass, strength, and energy expenditure. The effects of 16 wk of resistive training (RT) alone or with weight loss (RTWL) on strength (isokinetic dynamometer), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (indirect calorimetry), and sympathetic nervous system activity (catecholamines) were examined in 15 postmenopausal women (50–69 yr). RT resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body strength in both groups (P < 0.01). The nonobese women in the RT group (n = 8) did not change their body weight or fat mass with training. In the obese RTWL group (n = 7), body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass and RMR significantly increased with training in both groups combined (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in resting arterialized plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine levels in either group with training. RT increases strength with and without weight loss. Furthermore, RT and RTWL increase fat-free mass and RMR and decrease percent fat in postmenopausal women. Thus, RT may be a valuable component of an integrated weight management program in postmenopausal women.

Lower limit of body fat in healthy active men

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 933-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Friedl ◽  
R. J. Moore ◽  
L. E. Martinez-Lopez ◽  
J. A. Vogel ◽  
E. W. Askew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Healthy Men

We examined body composition changes in 55 normal young men during an 8-wk Army combat leadership training course involving strenuous exercise and low energy intake, with an estimated energy deficit of 5.0 +/- 2.0 MJ/day and a resultant 15.7 +/- 3.1% weight loss. Percent body fat (BF) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) averaged 14.3% (range 6–26%) and 5.8 +/- 1.8% (range 4–11%) at the beginning and end of the course, respectively. Men who achieved a minimum percent BF (4–6%) by 6 wk demonstrated only small additional total and subcutaneous fat losses in the final 2 wk and sacrificed increasingly larger proportions of fat-free mass. Percent BF estimated from skinfold thicknesses reflected relative changes in fat mass, although actual percent BF was overestimated. Instead of reaching a plateau after fat stores were substantially depleted, abdominal, hip, and thigh girths continued to decline with body weight loss. Final percent BF for the leanest men was similar to that observed after a 25% body weight reduction in the 1950 Minnesota study (5.2% by underwater weighting), and height-corrected final fat mass was the same (1.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.7 kg fat/m2), suggesting that these values represent a minimal body fat content in healthy men and that weight loss subsequent to achieving this level is contributed from the fat-free mass. Our results suggest that 4–6% BF or approximately 2.5 kg fat represents the lower limit for healthy men, as assessed by DEXA or by underwater weighing.

scholarly journals Weight Loss Efficacy of 4-Hour Versus 6-Hour Time Restricted Feeding in Adults with Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 584-584
Author(s):  
Sofia Cienfuegos ◽  
Kelsey Gabel ◽  
Faiza Kalam ◽  
Mark Ezpeleta ◽  
Vasiliki Pavlou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Metabolic Disease Risk ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives This study was undertaken to compare the effects of 4-h TRF to that of 6-h TRF on body weight, body composition, and metabolic disease risk factors in adults with obesity. We hypothesized that 4-h TRF would produce the greatest decreases in body weight, fat mass, blood pressure, and insulin resistance, compared to 6-h TRF. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 49) were randomized to 1 of 3 interventions for 8 weeks: 4-h TRF (ad libitum eating between 3:00 to 7:00 pm, water fasting between 7:00 to 3:00 pm); 6-h TRF (ad libitum eating between 1:00 to 7:00 pm, water fasting between 7:00 to 1:00 pm); or control (ad libitum food intake with no timing restrictions). Results Body weight decreased similarly in the 4-h TRF group (–3.3 ± 0.5%) and 6-h TRF group (–2.6 ± 0.5%) relative to controls over 8 weeks (P &lt; 0.001). Fat mass, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity also decreased in the 4-h TRF and 6-h TRF groups versus controls. LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and HbA1c were not significantly different from controls after 8 weeks. Conclusions This is the first trial to examine the effects of 4-h vs. 6-h TRF on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors. We show here that 8 weeks of 4-h and 6-h TRF decreases body weight by ∼3–4% relative to controls. We also demonstrate that this fasting regimen produces significant reductions in blood pressure, fat mass, insulin and insulin resistance. These preliminary data offer promise for the use of 4-h and 6-h TRF as a weight loss techniques in adults with obesity, but larger, longer-term trials are needed to confirm these findings. Funding Sources Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago

scholarly journals MON-LB100 Novel Paradoxical Markers of Weight Loss: Is the Worse Actually the Better? a Retrospectiveanalysisof 1,567 Patientswith Obesity With Successful Clinical Weight-Loss Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Cadegiani ◽  
Pedro Luiz H da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
Temporary Decrease

Abstract Background:Obesity is a chronic, multi-factorial, and relapsing disorder that has been reported to be a risk factor to more than 200 diseases, among which the majority is direct- or indirectly triggered by the metabolic abnormalities induced by excessive body fat. Indeed, patients with obesity tend to disclose multiple alterations of metabolic markers, which tend to improve with weight loss. Despite the multiple dysfunctions extensively in this population, only mandatory biochemical exams are usually ordered, likely due to limitations in cost and lack of cost-effectiveness, since the majority of the parameters typically altered in obesity does not drive therapeutic choices or influence in an individual-based evaluation.We developed a protocol for obesity treatment that includes a thorough analysis and follow up of the biochemical parameters of patients with obesity, including more than 50 parameters, for more precise diagnosis and response to treatments. Among these parameters, we identified unexpected changes, including some that would initially be related to increased cardiovascular risk or worse prognosis when in an usual context, but which could peculiarly indicate successfulness of weight loss, since these parameters tend to return to normal levels after a period in the new body weight. Our objective is to identify whether these paradoxical changes in biomarkers are linearly correlated with body weight loss, fat loss, mass loss, or whether they were related to the use of any anti-obesity drug. Methods: In a retrospective cohort of 1,567 patients that underwent a clinical weight loss treatment for obesity in a obesity center (Corpometria Institute, Brasília, DF, Brazil), we performed a linear association analysis between body weight and body fat (air displacement pletismography - Bod Pod, CosMed, USA) and 65 parameters, including hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic parameters. We also adjusted for the use of anti-obesity drugs. Results: Homocysteine and triglycerides were identified to increase linearly according to the amount of weight loss (r = -0.77) and fat loss (r = -0.85), but not due to the use of any drug. Folic acid decrease was directly related to fat loss (r = 0.81). Additional findings include more significant decrease of ApoB, compared to LDLc, decreases of GGT, ALT, CRP, ESR, neutrophils, ferritin, fibrinogen, PTH, free T3, uric acid, a and temporary decrease of ApoA and HDLc, all related with body fat loss. Conclusions: Increase of homocysteine resulted from decreased folic acid metabolism, and increased triglycerides may be indirect markers of lipolysis, as no other plausible mechanism could explain these findings.

scholarly journals Ad Libitum Energy Intake Differences Between a Plant-Based, Low-Fat and an Animal-Based, Low-Carbohydrate Diet: An Inpatient Randomized Crossover Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 626-626
Author(s):  
Isabelle Gallagher ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Amber Courville ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
Rebecca Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To investigate differences in ad libitum energy intake when inpatient adults were exposed to diets with equal calories and protein but varied widely in the ratio of carbohydrate to fat. Methods 16 adults without diabetes were admitted to the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit in the NIH Clinical Center for four continuous weeks and were randomized to receive either a plant-based, low-fat (LF) diet or an animal-based, low-carbohydrate (LC) diet for two weeks, followed by the alternate diet for two weeks. The LF diet was ∼75% carbohydrate and ∼10% fat, whereas the LC was ∼10% carbohydrate and ∼75% fat. The LF diet had ∼4-fold more fiber and was ∼60% of the energy density of the LC diet. Both diets were matched for protein and the presented calories were double each subject's maintenance energy requirements, as calculated from their measured resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Participants received three daily meals, had continuous access to snacks, and were instructed to eat as much or as little as they wanted. Leftovers were weighed to determine food intake. ProNutra software was used to calculate energy and nutrient intake. Results The study enrolled 9 men and 7 women with an age (mean ± SE) of 29 ± 1.7 years and body mass index (BMI) of 27.5 ± 1.5. During exposure to the LF diet, participants consumed 726 ± 84 kcal/d less than during the LC diet (P &lt; 0.0001). The composition of the food intake closely matched the presented diets, with the LF diet consumption of 75.2 ± 0.2% carbohydrate, 10.7 ± 0.2% fat, and 14.0 ± 0.3% protein whereas the LC diet consumption was 9.9 ± 0.1% carbohydrate, 74.5 ± 0.2% fat, and 15.6 ± 0.2% protein. During the second week of the LC diet, when ketosis had been fully established (capillary β-hydroxybutyrate = 1.4 ± 0.08 mM), intake decreased by 295 ± 52 kcal/d compared to the first week (P &lt; 0.0001) whereas during the second week of the LF diet intake was not significantly changed (−51 ± 52 kcal/d; P = 0.33). Nevertheless, energy intake remained 611 ± 68 kcal/d lower during the second week of the LF diet than the LC diet (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Exposure to the LF diet resulted in significantly lower ad libitum energy intake compared to the LC diet, potentially due to its lower energy density and greater fiber content. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

scholarly journals A pilot study of low-carbohydrate diet intervention on overweight or obese elderly people in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Bin Ye ◽  
HOI YAN. HO ◽  
Shu-Yu Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Weight Loss Intervention ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Average Body

AbstractIntroduction:Muscle-reducing obesity is the most common form of obesity in the elderly, so it is more difficult for the elderly to lose weight. The efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for weight loss in the elderly remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the effect and safety of LCD on weight loss in overweight and obese elderly people.Materials and Methods:Obese or overweight elderly (> 60 years old) with a BMI greater than 24 were recruited to use a restricted LCD for 1–3 months for weight loss intervention. According to the time, participants were divided into short-time group (< 30 days), medium-time group (< 31–60 days) and long-time group (> 60 days). The enrolled subjects were given an energy-restricted LCD for weight reduction intervention (1200–1400 kcal/d, carbohydrate accounts for 15–20% of energy). The primary outcome was change in body composition included weight, BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference, and there were other secondary outcomes including blood sugar, blood lipid and uric acid.Results and Discussion:Thirty-two obese or overweight elderly completed a LCD for 1–3 months, mean age were 64.9 ± 4.2 years, median intervention time was 56 (range: 26,100); mean BMI was 29.62 ± 3.70kg/m2. After LCD intervention, the average body weight of the three groups decreased by 2.92 ± 0.77 kg, 5.57 ± 1.99 kg and 10.48 ± 2.63 kg; the average BMI decreased by 1.43 ± 0.34 kg/m, 2.18 ± 0.99 kg/m and 3.18 ± 1.77 kg/m; the average body fat decreased by 2.28 ± 0.43 kg, 4.07 ± 2.08 kg and 7.05 ± 2.53 kg; and the average muscle decreased by 0.68 ± 0.76 kg, 1.32 ± 0.78 kg and 2.45 ± 2.03 kg (P < 0.05). The average muscle loss was less than 20% of the total weight loss. Covariance analysis adjusted by sex and age showed that the percentage changes of body weight, BMI, body fat and waist circumference were significant different among the three groups (p < 0.05), which had linear trends with the intervention time, while the percentage of muscle and body fat decreased was not significantly different among the three groups, and did not increase with the intervening time (p > 0.05). Symptoms of patients with hypertension or sleep apnea syndrome were alleviated. There were no serious adverse events during weight loss.LCD with restricted energy is a safe and effective weight-loss intervention for overweight or obese elderly people. It can significantly reduce BMI and body fat without losing more muscle with the increase of weight loss time.

scholarly journals Examining differences between overweight women and men in 12-month weight loss study comparing healthy low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-234
Author(s):  
Lucia Aronica ◽  
Joseph Rigdon ◽  
Lisa C. Offringa ◽  
Marcia L. Stefanick ◽  
Christopher D. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Background/objectives Biological sex factors and sociocultural gender norms affect the physiology and behavior of weight loss. However, most diet intervention studies do not report outcomes by sex, thereby impeding reproducibility. The objectives of this study were to compare 12-month changes in body weight and composition in groups defined by diet and sex, and adherence to a healthy low carbohydrate (HLC) vs. healthy low fat (HLF) diet. Participants/methods This was a secondary analysis of the DIETFITS trial, in which 609 overweight/obese nondiabetic participants (age, 18–50 years) were randomized to a 12-month HLC (n = 304) or HLF (n = 305) diet. Our first aim concerned comparisons in 12-month changes in weight, fat mass, and lean mass by group with appropriate adjustment for potential confounders. The second aim was to assess whether or not adherence differed by diet-sex group (HLC women n = 179, HLC men n = 125, HLF women n = 167, HLF men n = 138). Results 12-month changes in weight (p < 0.001) were different by group. HLC produced significantly greater weight loss, as well as greater loss of both fat mass and lean mass, than HLF among men [−2.98 kg (−4.47, −1.50); P < 0.001], but not among women. Men were more adherent to HLC than women (p = 0.02). Weight loss estimates within group remained similar after adjusting for adherence, suggesting adherence was not a mediator. Conclusions By reporting outcomes by sex significant weight loss differences were identified between HLC and HLF, which were not recognized in the original primary analysis. These findings highlight the need to consider sex in the design, analysis, and reporting of diet trials.

scholarly journals Licorice Flavonoid Oil Effects Body Weight Loss by Reduction of Body Fat Mass in Overweight Subjects

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Tominaga ◽  
Tatsumasa Mae ◽  
Mitsuaki Kitano ◽  
Yoshiro Sakamoto ◽  
Hideyuki Ikematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Overweight Subjects
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