scholarly journals Ad Libitum Energy Intake Differences Between a Plant-Based, Low-Fat and an Animal-Based, Low-Carbohydrate Diet: An Inpatient Randomized Crossover Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 626-626
Author(s):  
Isabelle Gallagher ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Amber Courville ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
Rebecca Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To investigate differences in ad libitum energy intake when inpatient adults were exposed to diets with equal calories and protein but varied widely in the ratio of carbohydrate to fat. Methods 16 adults without diabetes were admitted to the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit in the NIH Clinical Center for four continuous weeks and were randomized to receive either a plant-based, low-fat (LF) diet or an animal-based, low-carbohydrate (LC) diet for two weeks, followed by the alternate diet for two weeks. The LF diet was ∼75% carbohydrate and ∼10% fat, whereas the LC was ∼10% carbohydrate and ∼75% fat. The LF diet had ∼4-fold more fiber and was ∼60% of the energy density of the LC diet. Both diets were matched for protein and the presented calories were double each subject's maintenance energy requirements, as calculated from their measured resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Participants received three daily meals, had continuous access to snacks, and were instructed to eat as much or as little as they wanted. Leftovers were weighed to determine food intake. ProNutra software was used to calculate energy and nutrient intake. Results The study enrolled 9 men and 7 women with an age (mean ± SE) of 29 ± 1.7 years and body mass index (BMI) of 27.5 ± 1.5. During exposure to the LF diet, participants consumed 726 ± 84 kcal/d less than during the LC diet (P < 0.0001). The composition of the food intake closely matched the presented diets, with the LF diet consumption of 75.2 ± 0.2% carbohydrate, 10.7 ± 0.2% fat, and 14.0 ± 0.3% protein whereas the LC diet consumption was 9.9 ± 0.1% carbohydrate, 74.5 ± 0.2% fat, and 15.6 ± 0.2% protein. During the second week of the LC diet, when ketosis had been fully established (capillary β-hydroxybutyrate = 1.4 ± 0.08 mM), intake decreased by 295 ± 52 kcal/d compared to the first week (P < 0.0001) whereas during the second week of the LF diet intake was not significantly changed (−51 ± 52 kcal/d; P = 0.33). Nevertheless, energy intake remained 611 ± 68 kcal/d lower during the second week of the LF diet than the LC diet (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Exposure to the LF diet resulted in significantly lower ad libitum energy intake compared to the LC diet, potentially due to its lower energy density and greater fiber content. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

scholarly journals A plant-based, low-fat diet decreases ad libitum energy intake compared to an animal-based, ketogenic diet: An inpatient randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D Hall ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
Amber B. Courville ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Robert Brychta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Ad Libitum

Competing models of obesity and its treatment often contrast the relative roles of dietary fat versus carbohydrate. Advocates of low-carbohydrate diets posit that intake of high glycemic carbohydrates leads to elevated postprandial insulin thereby promoting body fat accumulation while increasing hunger and energy intake according to the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. Alternatively, proponents of low-fat diets argue that high fat intake promotes body fat storage due to passive overconsumption of energy resulting from the high energy density of dietary fat. To test these competing models, 20 adults without diabetes aged (mean±SE) 29.9±1.4 y with BMI=27.8±1.3 kg/m2 were admitted as inpatients to the NIH Clinical Center and randomized to consume ad libitum either a plant-based, low-fat (PBLF) diet (75.2% carbohydrate, 10.3% fat, non-beverage energy density = 1.1 kcal/g) or an animal-based, ketogenic, low-carbohydrate (ABLC) diet (75.8% fat,10.0% carbohydrate, non-beverage energy density = 2.2 kcal/g) for two weeks followed immediately by the alternate diet for two weeks. Three daily meals plus snacks amounting to twice each subject’s estimated energy requirements were provided and subjects were instructed to eat as much or as little as desired. The PBLF diet resulted in substantially greater glucose and insulin levels whereas the ABLC diet led to increased blood ketones of ~3 mM which is thought to suppress appetite. However, ad libitum energy intake was 689±73 kcal/d lower during the PBLF diet as compared to the ABLC diet (p<0.0001) with no significant differences in appetite ratings or enjoyment of meals. These data challenge the veracity of the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity and suggest that the PBLF diet had benefits for appetite control whereas the ABLC diet had benefits for lowering blood glucose and insulin.

scholarly journals Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Johnstone ◽  
E. Shannon ◽  
S. Whybrow ◽  
C. A. Reid ◽  
R. J. Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Fixed Composition ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

scholarly journals Effects of Ad Libitum Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets on Body Weight and Fat Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 658-658
Author(s):  
Alex Schick ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Amber Courville ◽  
Isabelle Gallagher ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To describe the effects of ad libitum low-fat (LF) and low-carbohydrate (LC) diets on body weight and fat mass. Methods Sixteen adults without diabetes spent 29 continuous days residing at the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit of the NIH Clinical Center where they were fed ad libitum either an animal-based, LC diet (75% fat, 10% carbohydrates, 15% protein) or a plant-based, LF diet (75% carbohydrates, 10% fat, 15% protein). Participants were randomly assigned to one diet for the first phase of the study (14 days), after which they were switched to the other diet for the remainder of the study. Participants were given three meals daily and were provided with additional snacks amounting to 200% of their daily energy requirements as determined by their resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Subjects were told that this was not a weight loss study and were not informed about the primary study aim. They were instructed to eat as much or as little as they desired. Total body weight and fat mass were measured using a calibrated scale and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Subjects were blinded to their data and wore loose-fitting scrubs to avoid any feedback regarding changes in the fit of their clothing. Results Subjects included 7 women and 9 men, with an age of (mean ± SE) 29 ± 1.7 years and BMI of 27.5 ± 1.5 at baseline. Participants lost weight on both diets, with the LC diet resulting in 1.34 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.0006) and the LF diet resulting in 1.09 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.003) which was not significantly different from the LC diet (P = 0.58). However, participants lost 0.6 ± 0.17 kg of body fat on the LF diet (P = 0.002) but the LC diet did not result in significant body fat loss (0.04 ± 0.17 kg; P = 0.8) and the difference in body fat loss between the diets was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Conclusions While participants lost similar amounts of weight on both diets, only the LF diet led to significant body fat loss. Early weight loss with a LC diet does not necessarily reflect a similar state of negative energy balance as compared with a LF diet. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

scholarly journals Objective versus Self-Reported Energy Intake Changes During Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juen Guo ◽  
Jennifer L. Robinson ◽  
Christopher Gardner ◽  
Kevin D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
List Type ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Fat Diets

AbstractObjectiveTo examine objective versus self-reported energy intake changes (ΔEI) during a 12-month diet intervention.MethodsWe calculated ΔEI in subjects who participated in a 1-year randomized low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet trial using repeated body weight measurements as inputs to an objective mathematical model (ΔEIModel) and compared these values with self-reported energy intake changes assessed by repeated 24-hr recalls (ΔEI24hrRecall).ResultsΔEI24hrRecall indicated a relatively persistent state of calorie restriction ≥500 kcal/d throughout the year with no significant differences between diets. ΔEIModel demonstrated large early decreases in calorie intake >800 kcal/d followed by an exponential return to approximately 100 kcal/d below baseline at the end of the year. The low-carbohydrate diet resulted in ΔEIModel that was 162±53 kcal/d lower than the low-fat diet over the first 3 months (p=0.002), but no significant diet differences were found at later times. Weight loss at 12 months was significantly related to ΔEIModel at all time intervals for both diets (p<0.0001).ConclusionsSelf-reported measurements of ΔEI were inaccurate. Model-based calculations of ΔEI found that instructions to follow the low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater calorie restriction than the low-fat diet in the early phases of the intervention, but these diet differences were not sustained.What is already known about this subject?Diet assessments that rely on self-report, such as 24hr dietary recall, are known to underestimate actual energy intake as measured by doubly labeled water. However, it is possible that repeated self-reported measurements could accurately detect changes in energy intake over time if the absolute bias of self-reported of measurements is approximately constant for each subject.What this study addsWe compared energy intake changes measured using repeated 24hr dietary recall measurements collected over the course of the 1-year Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial versus energy intake changes calculated using repeated body weight measurements as inputs to a validated mathematical model.Whereas self-reported measurements indicated a relatively persistent state of calorie restriction, objective model-based measurements demonstrated a large early calorie restriction followed by an exponential rise in energy intake towards the pre-intervention baseline.Model-based calculations, but not self-reported measurements, found that low-carbohydrate diets led to significantly greater early decreases in energy intake compared to low-fat diets, but long-term energy intake changes were not significantly different.

THE EFFECTS OF LOW-CARBOHYDRATE VERSUS LOW-FAT DIETS IN OBESE/OVERWEIGHT ADULTS: ONE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
Maitri Hathi ◽  
Sudesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Aprevious paper reported the six month comparison of weight loss in overweight and/or obese adults randomly assigned to either a VLCK-diet or LF-diet. To review the one year outcomes between these diets 1year follow-up of a randomized trial on 113 overweight/obese adults with a BMI>25 kg/m2; with no abnormalities were randomly selected. Participants who selected VLCK diet received counseling to restrict carbohydrate intake to <30 gram per day and those who selected LF diet received counseling to restrict caloric intake by 500 calories per day with <30% of calories from fat. Changes in weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat, and Waist Circumference were measured at intervals of rst, third, sixth and twelfth month of participants who completed the one-year follow-up. Participants on the very-low-carbohydrate diet had lost more weight loss than participants on the conventional low-fat diet at 3months, 6month and but the difference at 12months were signicant. Study conclude that participants on a VLCK-diet had more favorable overall outcomes at 1year than did those on a conventional LF-diet. Weight loss was similar between groups.

scholarly journals Perspective of an Appropriate Amount of Energy Intake and Actual Meal for the Diabetic and/or Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Bando H
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Adequate nutritional therapy and research have been crucial for diabetes and obesity. Recent topics include Calorie restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). It is rather difficult to calculate energy intake in person, and also to calculate the energy of the meal. There are some methods for investigating these factors, such as the total energy expenditure (TEE), physical-activity-related energy expenditure (PAEE), metabolic equivalent (MET) values, and the doubly-labeled water (DLW) method. Multi factors would be involved in the study. Further investigation would be expected for the determination of an appropriate amount of energy intake and meal energy in the future.

Food intake and gastric emptying in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (6) ◽  
pp. R1054-R1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Granneman ◽  
E. M. Stricker
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

Recent studies suggest that the rate of nutrient transit through the upper gastrointestract may provide cues that are important to the control of food intake. We examined gastrointestinal function in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and related these findings to concomitant changes in food intake. Control and diabetic rats were adapted to one of two isocaloric diets either high in carbohydrate or fat. Control rats ate similar amounts of each diet. In contrast, diabetic animals fed high-carbohydrate diet were hyperphagic, whereas those fed low-carbohydrate diet ate normal amounts of food. Gastric emptying, intestinal mass, disaccharidase activity, and glucose absorption were increased in normophagic diabetic rats fed a low-carbohydrate diet. Feeding diabetic rats high-carbohydrate diet potentiated each of these effects, and food intake was highly correlated with rate of gastric emptying. These and other results indicate that diabetes enhances gastric emptying and intestinal carbohydrate digestion and absorption, even in the absence of hyperphagia. Consequently, the hyperphagia of diabetic rats may be in part a behavioral response to a greatly accelerated clearance of nutrients from the upper gastrointestinal tract that occurs when these animals are fed diets rich in carbohydrate.

scholarly journals Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desiree M. Sigala ◽  
Adrianne M. Widaman ◽  
Bettina Hieronimus ◽  
Marinelle V. Nunez ◽  
Vivien Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Ad Libitum

Sugar-sweetened beverage (sugar-SB) consumption is associated with body weight gain. We investigated whether the changes of (Δ) circulating leptin contribute to weight gain and ad libitum food intake in young adults consuming sugar-SB for two weeks. In a parallel, double-blinded, intervention study, participants (n = 131; BMI 18–35 kg/m2; 18–40 years) consumed three beverages/day containing aspartame or 25% energy requirement as glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sucrose (n = 23–28/group). Body weight, ad libitum food intake and 24-h leptin area under the curve (AUC) were assessed at Week 0 and at the end of Week 2. The Δbody weight was not different among groups (p = 0.092), but the increases in subjects consuming HFCS- (p = 0.0008) and glucose-SB (p = 0.018) were significant compared with Week 0. Subjects consuming sucrose- (+14%, p < 0.0015), fructose- (+9%, p = 0.015) and HFCS-SB (+8%, p = 0.017) increased energy intake during the ad libitum food intake trial compared with subjects consuming aspartame-SB (−4%, p = 0.0037, effect of SB). Fructose-SB decreased (−14 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.0006) and sucrose-SB increased (+25 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.025 vs. Week 0; p = 0.0008 vs. fructose-SB) 24-h leptin AUC. The Δad libitum food intake and Δbody weight were not influenced by circulating leptin in young adults consuming sugar-SB for 2 weeks. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms mediating increased energy intake in subjects consuming sugar-SB.

scholarly journals The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in human subjects

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Buemann ◽  
Søren Toubro ◽  
Anne Raben ◽  
John Blundell ◽  
Arne Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Breakfast Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Osmotic Effects ◽  
Randomized Crossover Study

A double-blind randomized crossover study was performed with nineteen normal-weight men to investigate the effect on subsequent ad libitum food intake of replacing 29 g sucrose with 29 g D-TAGATOSE AS SWEETENER TO A BREAKFAST MEAL. d-Tagatose is a malabsorbed stereoisomer of fructose with potential application as a bulk sweetener. Food intake was measured at lunch offered 4 h after the breakfast meal, during the afternoon with access to abundant snacks, and finally at a supper buffet 9 h after the breakfast. Energy intake at lunch and during the snacking period was similar after ingesting the two sugars, while it was 15 % lower after ingesting d-tagatose than with sucrose at supper (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal factors such as the osmotic effects of unabsorbed d-tagatose causing distension of the gut might have mediated the acute appetite-suppressing effect. The present paper also refers to data from a preceding study in which we observed an increased self-reported energy intake after ingestion of d-tagatose compared with sucrose which, in fact, suggests a relative hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose. However, self-reported food intake may be biased by selective under-reporting and this subsequent study with a more controlled assessment of food intake was therefore conducted. This present study did not support any hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose, but rather suggests that d-tagatose may contribute to a reduced energy intake.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document