scholarly journals Interactions of Blood Serum, Urine and Fecal Metabolites of Cats Fed by Different Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 679-679
Author(s):  
Dayakar Badri ◽  
Dennis Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Pca Analysis ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Bile Acids Metabolism ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Food Offering ◽  
Nc Data

Abstract Objectives Because dietary protein and carbohydrate levels impact the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and host metabolism, this study evaluated their effect on serum, urine and fecal metabolites. Methods Three complete and balanced isocaloric foods (mean 3940 kcals/kg) were used. Their protein (P) and carbohydrate (CHO) levels were: LP (P: 25.84%, CHO: 46.9%), MP (P: 32.0%, CHO: 39.9%) and HP (P: 50.67%, CHO: 21.2%). The study used 30 adult healthy cats and a balanced Latin-Square design. Food offering was adjusted to maintain weight; cats were fed for 80 days before receiving the next food. This study was reviewed and approved by IACUC and all cats included in this study were allowed routine social activities. Serum (S), urine (U) and fecal (F) samples were collected at the end of each treatment period and analyzed for non-targeted metabolomics by Metabolon Inc. (Morrisville, NC). Data analysis was performed by using JMP v14.0. Variables with significance at P < 0.05 are reported. Results PCA analysis of S, U and F metabolites together shows that the cats fed HP clustered separately from the cats fed LP and MP foods. Independent PCA analysis of S, U and F metabolites revealed that F metabolites show clear separation from the cats fed HP compared with LP and MP foods. However, S and U metabolites did not show this. Fecal samples showed that carbohydrates, acylglycerols, endocannabinoids and bile acids metabolism was significantly impacted by HP when compared with LP and MP foods. This resulted in elevations of a number of toxic metabolites (e.g., 3-indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide). The F concentration of these metabolites was positively correlated to that of S and U. This positive relationship in all three sample types was not observed for acylglycerols, endocannabinoids and sugars suggesting that those metabolites were not absorbed and excreted as were the mentioned toxins. Conclusions Dietary P and CHO levels influence cat's GI metabolism with impacting specific urine and serum metabolites. Cats fed HP food had F increases of toxic metabolites related to renal and cardiovascular disorders and these metabolites were positively associated with S and U concentrations. Dietary P and CHO levels may directly impact renal and cardiovascular disorders. Funding Sources Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

scholarly journals Adaptation to Amino Acid Kinetics and Urea Production in Adult Cats (Felis catus) Fed Below Their Protein Requirement (P09-008-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lou Anne Roman ◽  
Noemie Begoc ◽  
Nick Cave ◽  
Timothy Wester
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Research Fund ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Urea Production ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Net Protein

Abstract Objectives Cats are obligate carnivores that evolved eating meat-based diets and have high requirements for amino acids (AA). However, little is known about how they regulate AA metabolism, especially at intakes below their requirement. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of dietary protein level above and below their requirement on urea production and AA metabolism in cats. Methods Cats (n = 18) were allocated to three treatments (7.5, 15, or 40% ME intake as crude protein), fed at maintenance for 3 wk, and then fitted with saphanous and cephalic vein catheters. On the following day, they received primed continuous infusions of [13C]bicarbonate, [1-13C]Leu and [15N2]urea from 0 to 120, 120 to 480 and 0 to 480 min, respectively. Cats were fed hourly during infusion and Leu entry rate from diet was calculated. Breath was sampled at 0, 100, 110, 120, 440, 460, and 480 min to measure 13CO2, with blood sampled at 0, 440, 460, and 480 min to measure 13C enrichments in Leu and ketoisocaproate, and [15N2]urea. Results Values for non-oxidative Leu disposal (NOLD, an indicator of protein synthesis), Leu rate of appearance in plasma (Ra, an indicator of protein degradation), Leu oxidation, and urea production rate (an indicator of net protein catabolism) are shown in Table 1. There were no differences in any measurements in cats fed at (15%) or below (7.5%) their requirement for protein. However, those fed with 7.5% of ME intake as crude protein had numerically lowest rates of whole body AA catabolism and oxidation, whereas, Leu Ra was numerically greatest. Conclusions Using Leu kinetics to trace AA metabolism, there did not seem to be a difference between cats fed at or below their requirement for protein. This may indicate that cats are able to adapt to dietary protein content more than what was previously believed. Funding Sources Massey University Research Fund, and the McGeorge Research Fund Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Effects of diets formulated to contain similar amounts of ERDP with different protein sources on ruminal peptide-N concentrations in Iranian Baloochi lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 110-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
A R H Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Peptide Structure ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Degradable Protein

Peptides are intermediates in the conversion of ingested protein to ammonia in the rumen and their accumulation depends upon the nature of dietary protein (Mesgaran & Parker, 1995). In addition, It has been demonstrated that the hydrolysis rate of peptides was influenced by peptide structure and that proline containing peptides were hydrolysed more slowly by rumen fluid (Mesgaran & Parker, 1996). The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of altering the sources of protein, in diets with similar effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), on the ruminal peptide-N concentrations.Four Iranian Baloochi lambs weighing 33±1.3 Kg, each with a permanent rumen fistula, were fed twice daily with diets differing in protein sources in a 42 latin square design. The diets consisted of a basal diet of chopped lucerne, barely and sugar beet pulp (190, 230 and 170 g DM d–1, respectively) which was supplemented with lucerne (L), cottonseed meal (C), soybean meal (S) or molasses+urea (M+U) (210, 118, 84 and 80+9 g DM d–1, respectively).

Utilization of dietary carbohydrates by fish: a comparative study in eel and trout

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. García-Gallego ◽  
J. Bazoco ◽  
M. D. Suàrez ◽  
A. Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Reference Species ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

AbstractTo evaluate the ability of the eel to use diets with high carbohydrate content, a comparative study was made by using the rainbow trout, a carnivorous fish, as a reference species. Four isoenergenetic diets (in terms of gross energy) were formulated incorporating different protein/carbohydrate ratios (450/200, 370/300, 290/400 and 210/500 as g/kg dry matter, respectively) and each one was tested in three replicates groups of eels and trout. The data on growth, food conversion and utilization of dietary protein and energy show that the eel has a comparatively greater ability than the rainbow trout for using diets with a high carbohydrate level. Thus it is postulated that higher carbohydrate levels could be used for formulating cheaper diets.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary protein level on intake, digestibility, and energy expenditure in dairy heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3211-3224
Author(s):  
Laylles Costa Araújo ◽  
◽  
Eriton Egidio Lisboa Valente ◽  
Valdir da Trindade Filipini ◽  
Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

Balancing diets for protein affects both protein and energy use efficiency in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein level on intake, digestibility and energy expenditure in Holstein heifers. Four Holstein heifers with a mean BW of 266.5 ± 10.7 kg were distributed in a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. Each period was comprised of 14 d for adaptation and 6 d for samplings. The heifers were fed diets with 9, 12, 15 and 18% of crude protein (CP). Total feces and urine were collected. Rumen fluid was collected at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after feeding. The energy expenditure was evaluated at 6 a.m., 12 a.m., 6 p.m. and 12 p.m. by a closed-circuit mask technique. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). Although the NDF digestibility was not changed (P > 0.05), the digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CP levels in the diet. Urinary urea nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retained increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing CP levels. Dietary CP levels did not affect (P =0.53) energy expenditure in heifers. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration peaked at 2-4 h after feeding. Increasing dietary CP levels from 9 to 18% does not affect feed intake and energy expenditure in heifers. However, it improves the digestibility of OM and nitrogen retention.

Protein-carbohydrate interaction effects on energy balance, FGF21, IGF-1 and hypothalamic genes expression in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joséphine Gehring ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Julien Piedcoq ◽  
Claire Gaudichon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Amino acids are involved in energy homeostasis, just as are carbohydrates and lipids. Therefore, mechanisms controlling protein intake should operate independently and in combination with systems controlling overall energy intake to coordinate appropriate metabolic and behavioural responses. The objective of this study was to quantify the respective roles of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on energy balance, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations, and hypothalamic neurotransmitters (POMC, NPY, AgRP and CART). In a simplified geometric framework, 7-week-old male Wistar rats were fed 12 diets containing 3 to 30% protein for 3 weeks, in which carbohydrates accounted for 30 to 75% of the carbohydrate and fat part of the diet. As a result of this study, most of the studied parameters (body composition, energy expenditure, plasma FGF21 and IGF-1 concentrations and Pomc/Agrp ratio) responded mainly to the protein content and to a lesser extent to the carbohydrate content in the diet.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels on weight gain and gonad production in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Aquaculture ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 358-359 ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Heflin ◽  
Victoria K. Gibbs ◽  
Mickie L. Powell ◽  
Robert Makowsky ◽  
John M. Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Gonad Production
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