Utilization of dietary carbohydrates by fish: a comparative study in eel and trout

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. García-Gallego ◽  
J. Bazoco ◽  
M. D. Suàrez ◽  
A. Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Reference Species ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

AbstractTo evaluate the ability of the eel to use diets with high carbohydrate content, a comparative study was made by using the rainbow trout, a carnivorous fish, as a reference species. Four isoenergenetic diets (in terms of gross energy) were formulated incorporating different protein/carbohydrate ratios (450/200, 370/300, 290/400 and 210/500 as g/kg dry matter, respectively) and each one was tested in three replicates groups of eels and trout. The data on growth, food conversion and utilization of dietary protein and energy show that the eel has a comparatively greater ability than the rainbow trout for using diets with a high carbohydrate level. Thus it is postulated that higher carbohydrate levels could be used for formulating cheaper diets.

Dietary carbohydrates induce changes in glucosensing capacity and food intake of rainbow trout

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (2) ◽  
pp. R478-R489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Polakof ◽  
Jesús M. Míguez ◽  
José L. Soengas
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Carnivorous Fish ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
First Time

We hypothesize that variations in dietary carbohydrate levels produce changes in glucosensor parameters in previously characterized glucosensing areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) related with the regulation of food intake of a carnivorous fish species like rainbow trout. Therefore, we fed trout with standard, carbohydrate-free (CF) or high-carbohydrate (HC) diets for 10 days to assess changes in glucosensing system and food intake. Fish fed CF diet displayed hypoglycemia and increased food intake. Fish fed a HC diet displayed hyperglycemia and decreased food intake. Changes in food intake due to dietary carbohydrates were accompanied in hypothalamus and hindbrain of fish fed with HC diet by changes in parameters involved in glucosensing, such as increased glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and glycogen levels and increased glucokinase (GK), glycogen synthase, and pyruvate kinase activities as well as increased GK and GLUT2 expression. All those results address for the first time in fish, despite the relative intolerance to glucose of carnivorous species, that dietary carbohydrates are important regulators of the glucosensing system in carnivorous fish, suggesting that the information generated by this system can be associated with the changes observed in food intake.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Ince ◽  
K. P. Lone ◽  
A. J. Matty
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Anabolic Steroid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. Three isoenergetic test diets containing 320, 430 and 530 g protein/kg, with (experimental) and without (control) inclusion of an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, were given to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 27 g, for 60 d.2. After 60 d, all trout groups were given an identical, steroid-free, commercial diet (410 g protein/kg) for a further 30 d, to observe withdrawal effects on growth.3. The weight and length of trout given the 430 and 530 g protein/kg control diets were significantly greater after 60 d than those given the 320 g protein/kg control diet.4. Inclusion of steroid enhanced the weight and length of trout given the 320 and 430 g protein/kg experimental diets, exerting a preferential effect on weight as opposed to length.5. After steroid withdrawal, a significant difference between the weight and length of the 320 g protein/kg control and experimental groups was still apparent.6. An increase in dietary protein increased the food conversion efficiency, and decreased the protein efficiency ratio. Inclusion of steroid increased both these factors over the respective controls.7. Protein assimilation decreased, and faecal nitrogen content increased with increasing dietary protein. In trout given steroid, protein assimilation and apparent digestibility was higher, and facecal N content, lower than the controls.8. Muscle protein increased with increasing dietary protein, and was higher in trout given steroid.9. Relative liver weight increased with increasing dietary protein. Inclusion of steroid resulted in a reduction in relative liver and gut weight, and an increase in kidney weight.10. It is concluded that ethylestrenol promotes both the growth and efficiency of nutrient utilization of trout. The magnitude and duration of these effects are a function of the dietary protein level.

scholarly journals New insights into the nutritional regulation of gluconeogenesis in carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a gene duplication trail

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Marandel ◽  
Iban Seiliez ◽  
Vincent Véron ◽  
Sandrine Skiba-Cassy ◽  
Stéphane Panserat
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

The rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) is considered to be a strictly carnivorous fish species that is metabolically adapted for high catabolism of proteins and low utilization of dietary carbohydrates. This species consequently has a “glucose-intolerant” phenotype manifested by persistent hyperglycemia when fed a high-carbohydrate diet. Gluconeogenesis in adult fish is also poorly, if ever, regulated by carbohydrates, suggesting that this metabolic pathway is involved in this specific phenotype. In this study, we hypothesized that the fate of duplicated genes after the salmonid-specific 4th whole genome duplication (Ss4R) may have led to adaptive innovation and that their study might provide new elements to enhance our understanding of gluconeogenesis and poor dietary carbohydrate use in this species. Our evolutionary analysis of gluconeogenic genes revealed that pck1, pck2, fbp1a, and g6pca were retained as singletons after Ss4r, while g6pcb1, g6pcb2, and fbp1b ohnolog pairs were maintained. For all genes, duplication may have led to sub- or neofunctionalization. Expression profiles suggest that the gluconeogenesis pathway remained active in trout fed a no-carbohydrate diet. When trout were fed a high-carbohydrate diet (30%), most of the gluconeogenic genes were non- or downregulated, except for g6pbc2 ohnologs, whose RNA levels were surprisingly increased. This study demonstrates that Ss4R in trout involved adaptive innovation via gene duplication and via the outcome of the resulting ohnologs. Indeed, maintenance of ohnologous g6pcb2 pair may contribute in a significant way to the glucose-intolerant phenotype of trout and may partially explain its poor use of dietary carbohydrates.

A Note on the use of micronized barley for growing pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Fernandes ◽  
K. Hutton ◽  
W. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Subsequent Trial ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Processing Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy

SummaryAn experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of the micronization process followed by grinding on the chemical composition of barley and on digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention in the growing pig. Micronization relative to normal grinding increased the dry matter (DM) content and starch availability in vitro and decreased the protein content of the cereal. Retention of N was not affected by the process but apparent digestibility of the DM, N and gross energy was improved. The improvement in digestible energy content of micronized barley over the ground grain was 3·8%. In a subsequent trial 24 pigs were individually and scale-fed a diet containing 75% of barley in ground or micronized and ground form over the liveweight range 33 to 80 kg. Processing treatment did not influence growth rate, DM food conversion ratio, killing-out percentage, deposition of backfat or area of ‘eye muscle’ in cross-section.

The interaction between cereal type and lactose level on piglet performance and diet digestibility post weaning

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. O'Connell ◽  
J. J. Callan ◽  
J. V. O'Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractBoth barley and wheat contain anti-nutritive factors such as glucans and xylans respectively. However, β-glucans have been shown to promote lactic acid bacteria in the large intestine and this would be very beneficial in the absence of in-diet antimicrobial growth promoter. A 2 × 2 factorial was used to investigate the interaction between cereal type (wheatv. barley) and lactose inclusion (170v. 275 g/kg) on piglet performance post weaning. Two hundred and sixteen weaned piglets (24 days of age, 6·0 kg weight) were blocked on the basis of weight and were assigned to one of four dietary treatments. The treatments were as follows (T1) 170 g/kg lactose and wheat, (T2) 275 g/kg lactose and wheat, (T3) 170 g/kg lactose, wheat and 200 g/kg barley and (T4) 275 g/kg lactose, wheat and 200 g/kg barley. The diets were formulated to have identical concentrations of digestible energy (16 MJ/kg) and total lysine (16 g/kg). The pigs were offered the diets ad libitum for 33 days post weaning. There was a significant interaction (P< 0·05) between cereal source and lactose level in average daily gain (ADG). In wheat-based diets the inclusion of 275 gkg lactose resulted in a significant improvement in ADG, compared with the 170 g/kg lactose inclusion. However, in barley-based diets the inclusion of 275 g/kg lactose significantly (P< 0·05) reduced ADG. There was no significant effect of cereal type or lactose level on food intake or food conversion ratio (FCR). The inclusion of 275 g/kg lactose significantly reduced nitrogen digestibility (P< 0·01). In barley-based diets, the high level of lactose inclusion depressed digestibilities of dry matter (P< 0·01), organic matter (P< 0·05) and gross energy (P< 0·05) compared with low lactose inclusion. However, in wheat-based diets, lactose level had no significant effect. In conclusion, improvements in performance were achieved up to 275 g/kg lactose in wheat-based diets. However, in barley-based diets a dietary lactose level of 170 g/kg was adequate.

Effects of dietary protein/energy ratio, ration size, dietary energy source and water temperature on nitrogen excretion in rainbow trout

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Médale ◽  
C. Brauge ◽  
F. Vallée ◽  
S. J. Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Ration Size

Postprandial nitrogen excretion was measured on groups of rainbow trout of mean body weight (MBW) 35g, fed, from maintenance to near satiation, diets containing graded levels of digestible energy (14 to 20 kJ/g dry matter) with digestible protein (DP)/digestible energy (DE) ratios of 18 and 23 mg/kJ at each protein level (DP: 32.5 or 37% dry matter). Irrespective of the diet and the ration size, urea-N excretion amounted to 15-16% of ammonia-N excretion. The higher the dietary DP/DE ratio, the greater was the amount of ammonia excreted. At high ration levels (1.5% and 2% of MBW/d), N excretion was 39-40% of digestible N intake for diets with a DP/DE ratio of 18 mg/kJ and 44% of digestible N intake for diets with a DP/DE ratio of 23 mg/kJ irrespective of the dietary protein level. At lower ration levels, N excretion as percent of N intake was higher than at higher feeding levels. Another experiment was performed to compare the effect of dietary lipid and digestible carbohydrate on ammonia excretion in rainbow trout reared at two water temperatures (8°C and 18°C). Neither water temperature nor dietary sources of non-protein energy had any significant effect on N excretion expressed as proportion of digestible N intake.

A note on the use of sorghum as a substitute for maize in a diet for growing pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-445
Author(s):  
Paula M. A. A. Serra ◽  
O. E. R. Olivetra ◽  
T. H. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTAn experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of using sorghum as a substitute for maize on digestibility and nitrogen retention in the growing pig. Two levels of sorghum, 200 and 400 g/kg, substituting for maize on a weight basis, were used. The chemical composition of control and test diets was similar. In the metabolism trial, digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude fibre, nitrogen and gross energy were significantly lower for the animals given the higher level of sorghum. In the feeding trial, no significant differences were recorded between the three groups in relation to food conversion ratio, daily live-weight gain, killing-out proportion and carcass quality. It is concluded that yellow sorghum may replace up to 400 g of maize per kg in diets for growing pigs without having detrimental effects on animal performance.

Evaluation of Acid-Insoluble Ash as an Indicator of Feed Digestibility in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1384-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Atkinson ◽  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Acid

Relative performances of dietary acid-insoluble ash, celite (a source of acid-insoluble ash), and chromic oxide as digestibility references were compared. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy in a practical diet fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were similar regardless of indicator used. Acid-insoluble ash can bean effective indicator for digestibility trials with fish. Its natural occurrence in fish foods and feedstuffs and ease of analysis make it preferable to added indicators, such as chromic oxide, in many circumstances. When the acid-insoluble ash content of a diet is low, the addition of celite can improve the precision of the analysis without affecting absolute values of digestibility coefficients.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with Different Dry Matter Concentrations: Effect on the Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Energy, Crude Nutrients and Minerals in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Reinhard Puntigam ◽  
Julia Slama ◽  
Daniel Brugger ◽  
Karin Leitner ◽  
Karl Schedle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

This study investigated the effects of sorghum ensiled as whole grains with different dry matter concentrations on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, crude nutrients and minerals in growing pigs. Whole grain sorghum batches with varying dry matter (DM) concentrations of 701 (S1), 738 (S2) and 809 g kg−1 (S3) due to different dates of harvest from the same arable plot, were stored in air-tight kegs (6 L) for 6 months to ensure complete fermentation. Subsequently, 9 crossbred barrows (34.6 ± 1.8 kg; (Duroc x Landrace) × Piétrain)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square feeding experiment. Diets were based on the respective sorghum grain silage and were supplemented with additional amino acids, minerals and vitamins to meet or exceed published feeding recommendations for growing pigs. The ATTD of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen-free extracts, and crude ash were higher in S1 compared to S3 treatments (p ≤ 0.05), while S2 was intermediate. Pigs fed S1 showed significantly higher ATTD of phosphorus (P) compared to all other groups while ATTD of calcium was unaffected irrespective of the feeding regime. In conclusion, growing pigs used whole grain sorghum fermented with a DM concentration of 701 g kg−1 (S1) most efficiently. In particular, the addition of inorganic P could have been reduced by 0.39 g kg−1 DM when using this silage compared to the variant with the highest DM value (809 g kg−1).

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