Nutrients Intakes From Complementary Foods Are Associated With the Cardiometabolic Profile of 3-5-Year-Old Peruvian Amazonian Children

Abstract Objectives Characterize relationships between dietary patterns and the cardiometabolic profile of Peruvian children at risk of undernutrition. Methods The study was nested in the Peru site of the ‘MAL-ED’ study, a longitudinal birth cohort to evaluate relationships between diet, enteric exposures and child growth and development. Dietary recalls were collected from 9–24 months of age. At 3–5 years, we conducted a follow-up. Three additional dietary recalls were collected, and blood pressure, height, weight, subscapular skinfolds, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles were assessed. Nutrient intakes were expressed as average density per 100 kcals i) from 9–24 months, and ii) at follow-up. Reduced rank regression (RRR) was used to identify the combination of nutrient intakes explaining the greatest variation in the outcome variables. Multiple linear regression models adjusting for subscapular skinfold-for-age Z-scores (SSFZ) were used to test whether observed relationships were mediated by body composition. Results Of the 153 children included, 26% were stunted at follow-up. RRR extracted 2 factors explaining 7% of the variation in infant nutrient intakes and 12% of the variation in response variables. The first factor had higher loadings for vitamin D, calcium, and cholesterol, while the second had higher loadings for non-animal source protein and iron. RRR also extracted 2 factors from the child intake data. These factors had higher loadings for sugar and fats, and sugar and protein, respectively. The first infant RRR factor was associated with lower plasma triglycerides and higher high-density lipoprotein, whereas the second was associated with higher homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ). The first child RRR factor was associated with higher triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and WHZ, and the second was related to higher blood pressure. Associations with glucose and insulin, but not blood pressure or cholesterol, were attenuated after adjusting for SSFZ. Conclusions Nutrient densities of the diet in each childhood are associated with cardiometabolic profile in a chronically undernourished population. Funding Sources The project was supported by the Thrasher Foundation and the BMGF.

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Diarrhea Prevalence and Child Growth Faltering Are Associated with Subsequent Adverse Child Developmental Outcomes in Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.21-0767 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christine Marie George ◽

Jamie Perin ◽

Tahmina Parvin ◽

Md Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian ◽

Elizabeth D. Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Outcomes ◽

Child Growth ◽

Social Problem Solving ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Developmental Potential ◽

Growth Faltering ◽

Z Scores ◽

Diarrhea Prevalence

Millions of young children annually are not meeting their developmental potential in low- and middle-income countries. Previous studies have shown that diarrheal diseases during early life are associated with subsequent malnutrition. This prospective cohort study of 576 children under 5 years was conducted in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh, to investigate the association between diarrhea prevalence, child growth, and child cognitive developmental outcomes. Height and weight were measured at baseline and a 12-month follow-up. Diarrhea prevalence was assessed through monthly surveillance visits. Developmental outcomes were assessed by communication, fine motor, gross motor, personal social, problem-solving, and combined developmental scores measured by the Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire (EASQ) at the 12-month follow-up visit. To assess the association between diarrhea prevalence, child growth, and child developmental outcomes, linear regression models were fit using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering at the household level and to approximate 95% CIs. Diarrhea prevalence was negatively associated with change in height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores from baseline to the 12-month follow-up (coefficient −0.85 [95% CI: −1.42, −0.28]). Diarrhea prevalence was a significant predictor of combined EASQ Z-scores with and without baseline stunting included in the model (−0.89 [95% CI: −1.67, −0.09] [baseline stunting included]) and (−0.88 [95% CI: −1.69, −0.07]). Change in HAZ from baseline to the 12-month follow-up was positively associated with follow-up combined EASQ Z-scores (0.28 [95% CI: 0.15, 0.42]). High diarrhea prevalence and linear growth faltering were associated with negative cognitive developmental outcomes among children residing in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Furthermore, high diarrhea prevalence was associated with negative child cognitive developmental outcomes with stunting included in the model, suggesting an effect of diarrhea on cognition independent of stunting.

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The Effects of Mean of Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure on Incident Brain Vascular Lesions and Functional-Cognitive Decline

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-210188 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Bibek Gyanwali ◽

Celestine Xue Ting Cai ◽

Christopher Chen ◽

Henri Vrooman ◽

Chuen Seng Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Hippocampal Volume ◽

Intracranial Stenosis ◽

Vascular Lesions ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Volume Functional ◽

Mri Scans ◽

The Mean

Background: Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) is an underlying cause of cognitive impairment and dementia. Hypertension is a known risk factor of CeVD, but the effects of mean of visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) on incident CeVD and functional-cognitive decline remains unclear. Objective: To determine the association between mean of visit-to-visit BP with the incidence and progression of CeVD [white matter hyperintensities (WMH), infarcts (cortical infarcts and lacunes), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), intracranial stenosis, and hippocampal volume] as well as functional-cognitive decline over 2 years of follow-up. Methods: 373 patients from a memory-clinic underwent BP measurements at baseline, year 1, and year 2. The mean of visit-to-visit systolic BP, diastolic BP, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure were calculated. Baseline and year 2 MRI scans were graded for WMH, infarcts, CMBs, intracranial stenosis, and hippocampal volume. Functional-cognitive decline was assessed using locally validated protocol. Logistic and linear regression models with odds ratios, mean difference, and 95%confidence interval were constructed to analyze associations of visit-to-visit BP on CeVD incidence and progression as well as functional-cognitive decline. Results: Higher mean of visit-to-visit diastolic BP was associated with WMH progression. Higher tertiles of diastolic BP was associated with WMH progression and incident CMBs. There was no association between mean of visit-to-visit BP measures with incident cerebral infarcts, intracranial stenosis, change in hippocampal volume, and functional-cognitive decline. Conclusion: These findings suggest the possibility of hypertension-related vascular brain damage. Careful monitoring and management of BP in elderly patients is essential to reduce the incidence and progression of CeVD.

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The Effects of a Preconception Lifestyle Intervention on Childhood Cardiometabolic Health—Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells11010041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Stijn Mintjens ◽

Mireille N. M. van Poppel ◽

Henk Groen ◽

Annemieke Hoek ◽

Ben Willem Mol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Z Score ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Z Scores

Maternal obesity is associated with adverse metabolic outcomes in her offspring, from the earliest stages of development leading to obesity and poorer cardiometabolic health in her offspring. We investigated whether an effective preconception lifestyle intervention in obese women affected cardiometabolic health of their offspring. We randomly allocated 577 infertile women with obesity to a 6-month lifestyle intervention, or to prompt infertility management. Of the 305 eligible children, despite intensive efforts, 17 in the intervention and 29 in the control group were available for follow-up at age 3–6 years. We compared the child’s Body Mass Index (BMI) Z score, waist and hip circumference, body-fat percentage, blood pressure Z scores, pulse wave velocity and serum lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations. Between the intervention and control groups, the mean (±SD) offspring BMI Z score (0.69 (±1.17) vs. 0.62 (±1.04)) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure Z scores (0.45 (±0.65) vs. 0.54 (±0.57); 0.91 (±0.66) vs. 0.96 (±0.57)) were similar, although elevated compared to the norm population. We also did not detect any differences between the groups in the other outcomes. In this study, we could not detect effects of a preconception lifestyle intervention in obese infertile women on the cardiometabolic health of their offspring. Low follow-up rates, perhaps due to the children’s age or the subject matter, combined with selection bias abating contrast in periconceptional weight between participating mothers, hampered the detection of potential effects. Future studies that account for these factors are needed to confirm whether a preconception lifestyle intervention may improve the cardiometabolic health of children of obese mothers.

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Relationship Between Renal Function and Blood Pressure Dipping Status in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Longitudinal Study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-133993/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Jaques ◽

Patrick Saudan ◽

Chantal Martinez ◽

Axel Andres ◽

Pierre-Yves Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Renal Function ◽

Renal Transplant ◽

Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Renal Transplant Recipients ◽

Linear Regression Models

Abstract Background Hypertension (HT) is associated with adverse outcomes in renal transplant (RTX) recipients. Blunting of physiological decrease in nighttime compared to daytime blood pressure (non-dipping status) is frequent in this setting. However, weather non-dipping is independently associated with renal function decline in RTX patients is unknown.Methods We retrospectively screened RTX outpatients attending for a routine ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (T1) at a single tertiary hospital. Patients had two successive follow-up visits, one (T2) and two (T3) years later respectively. Routine clinical and laboratory data were collected at each visit. Mixed linear regression models were used with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as the dependent variable.Results A total of 123 patients were included with a mean follow-up of 2.12 +/- 0.45 years after ABPM. Mean age and eGFR at T1 were 56.0 +/- 15.1 and 54.9 +/- 20.0 mL/min/1.73m2 respectively. 61 patients (50.4%) had sustained HT and 81 (65.8%) were non-dippers. In multivariate analysis, systolic dipping status was positively associated with eGFR (p=0.009) and compared to non-dippers, dippers had a 10.4 mL/min/1.73m2 higher eGFR. HT was negatively associated with eGFR (p=0.003).Conclusions We confirm a high prevalence of non-dippers in RTX recipients. We show that preserved systolic dipping is associated with improved renal function in this setting independently of potential confounders, including HT and proteinuria. Whether modification of dipping status by chronotherapy would preserve renal function remains to be tested in clinical trials.

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Relationship between renal function and blood pressure dipping status in renal transplant recipients: a longitudinal study

BMC Nephrology ◽

10.1186/s12882-021-02523-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

David A. Jaques ◽

Patrick Saudan ◽

Chantal Martinez ◽

Axel Andres ◽

Pierre-Yves Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Renal Function ◽

Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Renal Transplant Recipients ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Hospital Patients

Abstract Background Hypertension (HT) is associated with adverse outcomes in kidney transplant (KTX) recipients. Blunting of physiological decrease in nighttime compared to daytime blood pressure (non-dipping status) is frequent in this setting. However, weather non-dipping is independently associated with renal function decline in KTX patients is unknown. Methods We retrospectively screened KTX outpatients attending for a routine ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (T1) at a single tertiary hospital. Patients had two successive follow-up visits, 1 (T2) and 2 (T3) years later respectively. Routine clinical and laboratory data were collected at each visit. Mixed linear regression models were used with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as the dependent variable. Results A total of 123 patients were included with a mean follow-up of 2.12 ± 0.45 years after ABPM. Mean age and eGFR at T1 were 56.0 ± 15.1 and 54.9 ± 20.0 mL/min/1.73m2 respectively. 61 patients (50.4%) had sustained HT and 81 (65.8%) were non-dippers. In multivariate analysis, systolic dipping status was positively associated with eGFR (p = 0.009) and compared to non-dippers, dippers had a 10.4 mL/min/1.73m2 higher eGFR. HT was negatively associated with eGFR (p = 0.003). Conclusions We confirm a high prevalence of non-dippers in KTX recipients. We suggest that preserved systolic dipping is associated with improved renal function in this setting independently of potential confounders, including HT and proteinuria. Whether modification of dipping status by chronotherapy would preserve renal function remains to be tested in clinical trials.

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Arm-Leg Blood Pressure Gradient in Clinic to Predict Arch Hemodynamics and Ventricular Size after Coarctation Repair

10.31487/nl.ajcr.2020.01.03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Lee A Pyles ◽

Daniel Labuz ◽

John E Foker ◽

James A Berry ◽

Lee A Pyles

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Arterial Compliance ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Ventricular Wall ◽

Transverse Arch ◽

Z Scores ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objective: Patients with successfully repaired coarctation of the aorta (CoA) need continued follow-up due to risks of restenosis and abnormal arterial compliance, causing early onset hypertension/coronary artery disease. We hypothesize that subtle hemodynamic and structural abnormalities can be predicted in the clinic by an abnormal arm-leg blood pressure (BP) gradient (i.e. arm > leg systolic BP). Design: Uncomplicated CoA patients repaired between 1990 and 2007 with follow-up clinic visits documenting right arm and leg systolic BPs, along with a recent echocardiogram, were studied. Data included the Doppler peak instantaneous (PeakV) and mean velocities (MeanV) in the descending aorta along with measures of the proximal transverse arch (TA) diameter and left ventricular wall (LVPWd) thickness. Measurements were indexed by Z-scores. Patients were grouped by higher systolic BP in the leg (Group 1) or arm (Group 2). Results: Eighty-one patients met the criteria with 52 in Group 1 (median 12.5 years follow-up) and 29 in Group 2 (median 12 years follow-up). Group 2 group had significantly increased arm systolic BP Z-scores (p <0.01), PeakV (p <10-4 ), MeanV (p <10-6 ), and LVPWd (p <0.01) compared to Group 1. There was no difference, however, in arm diastolic BP (p =0.7) or TA diameter (p =0.5). These relationships held true even in otherwise “silent” patients without clinical hypertension. Conclusion: Abnormal arm-leg blood pressure gradients accurately identified CoA patients with elevated arch velocities and increased ventricular wall thickness years after repair. The arm-leg pressure measurements could more accurately select patients in need of further imaging studies and therapeutic interventions.

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Inter-relationship between ageing, body mass index, diabetes, systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure in Asians: 6-year longitudinal study

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-311897 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. 196-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jacqueline Chua ◽

Miao Li Chee ◽

Calvin Woon Loong Chin ◽

Yih Chung Tham ◽

Nicholas Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

Reference Group ◽

Systemic Blood Pressure ◽

Applanation Tonometry ◽

Linear Regression Models

BackgroundTo investigate the biological effect of ageing on intraocular pressure (IOP) and risk factors in a population-based cohort study of Malay and Indian adults.MethodsParticipants aged 40–80 years were recruited for baseline and 6-year follow-up visits between 2004–2009 and 2010–2015, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with an automatic BP monitor and IOP were obtained by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Main outcome was change in IOP, defined as the difference between the 6-year IOP and the baseline IOP. Linear regression models were used to investigate the association of changes in IOP with risk factors.Results Participants without a history of glaucoma or cataract surgery at baseline were included (n = 3188; mean age: 54±9 years) . Their average IOP was reduced (−0.5±3.1 mm Hg), except for those who developed hypertension at follow-up (0.0±3.1 mm Hg). After adjusting for covariates, changes in IOP were negatively associated with age (β=−0.07, 95% CI −0.13 to −0.01) and positively associated with body mass index, diabetes, hypertension (normotensive as reference group; newly developed hypertensive (β=0.67, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.95) and chronic hypertensive (β=0.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.70)), baseline systolic BP (SBP) (β=0.20, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.26) and diastolic BP (DBP) (β=0.33, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.44), as well as with 6-year increases in SBP (β=0.27, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.33) and DBP (β=0.52, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.63).ConclusionsNormal ageing and reduced systemic BP are associated with reduced IOP in Malay and Indian adults. Given that high IOP is a risk factor for glaucoma, our finding highlights the importance of controlling hypertension in older adults, where hypertension and glaucoma incidences are on a rise.

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Physical activity energy expenditure may mediate the relationship between plasma leptin levels and worsening insulin resistance independently of adiposity

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.01022.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 1921-1926 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. W. Franks ◽

R. J. F. Loos ◽

S. Brage ◽

S. O'Rahilly ◽

N. J. Wareham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Physical Activity Energy Expenditure ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

The Relationship ◽

Activity Energy

Leptin regulates a constellation of neuroendocrine processes that control energy homeostasis. The infusion of leptin in rodents lacking endogenous leptin promotes physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and improves insulin signaling, whereas hyperleptinemia is associated with physical inactivity and insulin resistance (IR). We tested whether baseline leptin levels predict changes in PAEE and IR over time, independent of obesity. We also assessed whether the relationship between leptin and change in IR is mediated by PAEE. The population consisted of 288 nondiabetic UK Caucasian adults (mean age: 49.4 yr; SD: 0.7 yr), in whom leptin, insulin, glucose, PAEE (via heart rate monitoring with individual calibration by indirect calorimetry), and anthropometric characteristics had been measured at baseline and 5 yr later. In linear regression models, baseline leptin levels inversely predicted follow-up PAEE ( P = 0.033). On average, individuals with low leptin levels (below sex-specific median) increased their daily activity 35% more during the 5-yr follow-up period than those with above-median leptin levels. Baseline leptin level also predicted worsening IR (fasting, 30-min, and 2-h insulins, and homeostasis model assessment-IR; all P < 0.01). Associations were independent of potential confounders, such as adiposity, age, and sex. Including baseline PAEE as a cofactor in the leptin-insulin models reduced the strength (1–4% reduction) and significance of the associations, suggesting that PAEE mediates the leptin-insulin relationships. Hyperleptinemia predicts a relative decline in PAEE and worsening insulin resistance, possibly via shared molecular pathways.

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Circulating IGF-1 Independently Predicts Blood Pressure in Children With Higher Calcium-Phosphorus Product Levels

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgz101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. e610-e618

Author(s):

Sílvia Xargay-Torrent ◽

Estefanía Dorado-Ceballos ◽

Anna Benavides-Boixader ◽

Esther Lizárraga-Mollinedo ◽

Berta Mas-Parés ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Serum Calcium ◽

Pulse Pressure ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Calcium Phosphorus ◽

Igfbp 3

Abstract Objective To study the association between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and blood pressure in children, in particular, the potential interaction with the serum calcium-phosphorus product (Ca*P). Methods A longitudinal study included 521 children (age 8.8 ± 0.1) from northeastern Spain, of whom 158 were followed-up after 5 years. IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and serum calcium and phosphorus were measured at baseline. Anthropometric (body-mass index [BMI] and waist) and cardiometabolic variables (systolic [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure), pulse pressure, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], high-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol, and triglycerides) were assessed at baseline and at the end of follow-up. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlations followed by multivariable linear regression analyses. Results Baseline IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio positively correlated with baseline and follow-up BMI, waist, SBP, pulse pressure, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglycerides (r 0.138-0.603; all P < 0.05). The associations with SBP were stronger with increasing Ca*P (r 0.261-0.625 for IGF-1; and r 0.174-0.583 for IGF-1/IGFBP-3). After adjusting for confounding variables, baseline IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 remained independently associated with both baseline and follow-up SBP in children in the highest Ca*P tertile (β = 0.245-0.381; P < 0.01; model R2 = 0.246-0.566). Conclusions Our results suggest that IGF-1 in childhood is an independent predictor of SBP in apparently healthy children, especially in those with high Ca*P levels.

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Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Sleep Time:Association with Cardiovascular Hemodynamic Parameters, Blood Pressure and Structural and Functional Arterial Properties in Childhood

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease ◽

10.3390/jcdd8060062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Mariana Gómez-García ◽

Daniel Bia ◽

Yanina Zócalo

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Movement Behavior ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Mean Values ◽

Z Scores

An association between movement behavior (MB) components (sleep time (ST), physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB)) and the state of the cardiovascular (CV) system in children has been postulated. However, it is still controversial whether MB components and/or sub-components (domains) during childhood are independently associated with aortic and peripheral blood pressure (BP), and structural or functional arterial properties. Aims: (1) to evaluate MB components and subcomponents associations with CV characteristics, (2) to analyze the explanatory capacity of interindividual variations in MB on CV properties inter-individual variations at the beginning of school age. Methods: Anthropometric, aortic and peripheral BP, hemodynamic levels (cardiac output, systemic vascular resistances), wave reflection indexes, and arterial structural (diameter, intima–media thickness) and functional (blood flow velocities, Doppler-indexes, local and regional arterial stiffness) parameters of elastic (carotids), transitional (brachial) and muscular (femoral) arteries and time spent in MB (PA questionnaires) were assessed in 816 children (5–6 years). Cardiovascular variables were standardized (z-scores), using age- and sex-related mean values and standard deviations obtained from subjects non-exposed to CV risk factors (CRFs) and who complied with 24 h MB recommendations (reference subgroup). Multiple linear regression models were constructed considering the CV z-scores as dependent variables and CRFs and MB components and subcomponents as independent variables. Results: CV variables showed independent association with MB variations. However, their explanatory capacity on CV characteristics was lesser than that of anthropometric indexes, sex and/or high BP. Conclusions: MB components and sub-components were associated with CV characteristics regardless of other factors, but their capacity to explain variations was lesser than that of anthropometric data, sex or high BP state. MB subcomponents (e.g., sedentary play and screen time in case of SB) showed different (even opposite) associations with CV parameters. ST was associated mainly with indexes of the ventricle ejective function, rather than with CV structural characteristics. SB component and subcomponents were associated with BP, but not with structural parameters. PA component and subcomponents were associated with both BP and structural parameters. The different arterial types, as well central and peripheral parameters showed independent associations with MB components and subcomponents. None of these were independently associated with arterial stiffness.

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