scholarly journals Sleep and BMI in South African urban and rural, high and low-income preschool children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale E. Rae ◽  
Simone A. Tomaz ◽  
Rachel A. Jones ◽  
Trina Hinkley ◽  
Rhian Twine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Z Scores

Abstract Background The extent to which income setting or rural and urban environments modify the association between sleep and obesity in young children is unclear. The aims of this cross-sectional observational study were to (i) describe and compare sleep in South African preschool children from rural low-income (RL), urban low-income (UL) and urban high-income (UH) settings; and (ii) test for associations between sleep parameters and body mass index (BMI). Methods Participants were preschoolers (5.2 ± 0.7y, 49.5% boys) from RL (n = 111), UL (n = 65) and UH (n = 22) settings. Height and weight were measured. Sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity were assessed using accelerometery. Results UL children had higher BMI z-scores (median: 0.39; interquartile range: − 0.27, 0.99) than the UH (− 0.38; − 0.88, 0.11) and RL (− 0.08; − 0.83, 0.53) children (p = 0.001). The UL children had later bedtimes (p < 0.001) and wake-up times (p < 0.001) and shorter 24 h (p < 0.001) and nocturnal (p < 0.001) sleep durations than the RL and UH children. After adjusting for age, sex, setting, SB and PA, for every hour less sleep obtained (24 h and nocturnal), children were 2.28 (95% CI: 1.28–4.35) and 2.22 (95% CI: 1.27–3.85) more likely, respectively, to belong to a higher BMI z-score quartile. Conclusions Shorter sleep is associated with a higher BMI z-score in South African preschoolers, despite high levels of PA, with UL children appearing to be particularly vulnerable.

scholarly journals Association between objectively measured body composition, sleep parameters and physical activity in preschool children: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e042669
Author(s):  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Piotr Matłosz ◽  
Muhammad Asif ◽  
Agnieszka Szybisty ◽  
Paweł Lenik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Objectively Measured

ObjectiveAssociations between self-reported sleep duration and obesity indices in children are well recognised; however, there are no studies on associations between objectively measured other sleep parameters and physical activity with body composition in preschoolers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the associations between sleep parameters and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with body composition indices in preschoolers using objective measures.DesignA cross-sectional study.ParticipantsThe study group consisted of 676 children aged 5–6 years, who were enrolled in kindergartens in the 2017/2018 school year.Outcome measuresSleep parameters and MVPA were measured using accelerometers for 7 days. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition.ResultsSleep duration and sleep efficiency were inversely associated with body fat percentage (BFP) (β=−0.013 and β from –0.311 to −0.359, respectively) and body mass index (BMI) (β from −0.005 to −0.006 and from −0.105 to –0.121, respectively), and directly associated with fat-free mass (FFM) (β from 0.010 to 0.011 and from 0.245 to 0.271, respectively) and muscle mass (β from 0.012 to 0.012 and from 0.277 to 0.307, respectively) in unadjusted and adjusted models. BFP was inversely associated with MVPA and positively associated with number of awakenings and sleep periods. Number of sleep periods was inversely associated with FFM, and positively with BMI and muscle mass. Correlation matrix indicated significant correlation between BFP, FFM and muscle mass with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, number of sleep periods and MVPA.ConclusionsPeriodic assessment of sleep parameters and MVPA in relation to body composition in preschool children may be considered, especially in those who are at risk for obesity.

scholarly journals Understanding the influence of 24-hour movement behaviours on the health and development of preschool children from low-income South African settings: the SUNRISE pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Draper ◽  
Simone A Tomaz ◽  
Caylee J Cook ◽  
Sasha S Jugdav ◽  
Candice Ramsammy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
South African ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Gross Motor

Background: The International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years, SUNRISE, was initiated to assess the extent to which young children meet movement behaviour guidelines (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, screen time, sleep). Objective: The South African SUNRISE pilot study assessed movement behaviours in preschool children from two low-income settings, and associations between these movement behaviours, adiposity, motor skills and executive function (EF). Methods: Preschool child/parent pairs (n = 89) were recruited from preschools in urban Soweto and rural Sweetwaters. Height and weight were measured to assess adiposity. Physical activity was assessed using accelerometers while sedentary behaviour, screen time and sleep were assessed via parent report. Fine and gross motor development were measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3, and EF was assessed using the Early Years Toolbox. Results: The proportion of children meeting the physical activity guideline was 84% , 66% met the sleep guideline ,48% met the screen time guideline , and 26% met all three guidelines. Rural children were more active, but spent more time on screens compared to urban children. Most children were on track for gross (96%) and fine motor (73%) development, and mean EF scores were in the expected range for all EF measures. EF was negatively associated with screen time, and gross motor skills were positively associated with physical activity. Conclusion: The South African SUNRISE study contributes to the growing literature on 24-hour movement behaviours in SA preschool children, and highlights that these behaviours require attention in this age group.

Associations of physical activity and gross motor skills with executive function in preschool children from low-income South African settings

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. e12820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caylee J. Cook ◽  
Steven J. Howard ◽  
Gaia Scerif ◽  
Rhian Twine ◽  
Kathleen Kahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
South African ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills

scholarly journals Longitudinal Associations Among Diet Quality, Physical Activity and Sleep Onset Consistency With Body Mass Index z-Score Among Toddlers in Low-income Families

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Covington ◽  
Bridget Armstrong ◽  
Angela C B Trude ◽  
Maureen M Black
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Low Income Families

Abstract Background Habits surrounding health behaviors (i.e., sleep, physical activity, diet) are developed in toddlerhood. Lack of consistent health habits may increase obesity risk among toddlers in low-income families. Purpose To compare the role of sleep onset consistency, physical activity and diet quality as mediators between household poverty and toddler weight. Methods Two hundred and seven toddlers (mean age = 20.2 months, 46% female, 68.1% Black) participating in an obesity prevention trial were assessed at three time points over 12 months. Using Actical accelerometers, we assessed sleep and physical activity at each time point for up to 1 week. We defined sleep onset consistency as the standard deviation of sleep onset across all days. We calculated the Healthy Eating Index-2015 from a 24-hr dietary recall. We used WHO standards to calculate BMI-for-age z-scores from toddlers’ weight/length, and calculated poverty ratio from parent-reported income and family size. Multilevel mediation models tested toddler sleep onset consistency, physical activity, and diet quality as mediators between household poverty and toddler BMI z-score. Results Toddlers from households with higher poverty ratios had more inconsistent sleep onset times. Toddlers with more inconsistent sleep onset times had higher BMI z-scores across all timepoints, even when accounting for physical activity and diet quality. Sleep onset consistency indirectly explained the association between household poverty and BMI z-score. Conclusions Inconsistent sleep schedules could help explain the association between poverty and BMI. Future research should examine strategies to support low-income families to develop and maintain routines as a mechanism to prevent obesity and reduce disparities. Trial registration number NCT02615158.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional associations of physical activity and gross motor proficiency with adiposity in South African children of pre-school age

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Draper ◽  
Simone A Tomaz ◽  
Rachel A Jones ◽  
Trina Hinkley ◽  
Rhian Twine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
South African ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity, gross motor skills and adiposity in South African children of pre-school age.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingHigh-income urban, and low-income urban and rural settings in South Africa.ParticipantsChildren (3–6 years old,n268) were recruited from urban high-income (n46), urban low-income (n91) and rural low-income (n122) settings. Height and weight were measured to calculate the main outcome variables: BMI and BMI-for-ageZ-score (BAZ). Height-for-age and weight-for-ageZ-scores were also calculated. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to objectively measure physical activity; the Test of Gross Motor Development (Version 2) was used to assess gross motor skills.ResultsMore children were overweight/obese and had a higher BAZ from urban low-income settings compared with urban high-income settings and rural low-income settings. Being less physically active was associated with thinness, but not overweight/obesity. Time spent in physical activity at moderate and vigorous intensities was positively associated with BMI and BAZ. Gross motor proficiency was not associated with adiposity in this sample.ConclusionsThe findings of this research highlight the need for obesity prevention particularly in urban low-income settings, as well as the need to take into consideration the complexity of the relationship between adiposity, physical activity and gross motor skills in South African pre-school children.

scholarly journals Screen Time and Sleep of Rural and Urban South African Preschool Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5449
Author(s):  
Simone A. Tomaz ◽  
Trina Hinkley ◽  
Rachel A. Jones ◽  
Estelle D. Watson ◽  
Rhian Twine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
High Income ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban South

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which preschool children meet guidelines for screen time (<1 h/day) and sleep (10–13 h/24-h) and explored home factors that affect these behaviors. Parents of preschoolers across income settings in South Africa (urban high-income n = 27, urban low-income n = 96 and rural low-income n = 142) completed a questionnaire. Urban high-income children had higher rates of exceeding screen time guidelines (67.0%) than children from urban low-income (26.0%) and rural low-income (3.5%) settings. Most children (81.0%) met sleep guidelines on weekdays and on weekends (75.0%). More urban high-income children met the sleep guideline, in comparison to both low-income settings. Fewer urban high-income parents (50.0%) thought that screen time would not affect their preschooler’s health, compared to urban low-income (90.4%) and rural low-income (81.7%) parents. Weeknight bedtime was positively correlated with both weekday screen time (p = 0.001) and weekday TV time (p = 0.005), indicating that more time on screens correlated with later bedtimes. Meeting screen time and sleep guidelines differs across income settings, but it is evident that parents of preschoolers across all income settings would benefit from greater awareness about guidelines.

scholarly journals Association between physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and clustered cardiovascular risk in South African children from disadvantaged communities: results from a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000823
Author(s):  
Ivan Müller ◽  
Cheryl Walter ◽  
Rosa Du Randt ◽  
Ann Aerts ◽  
Larissa Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
South African ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Significant Difference

Background/AimPhysical inactivity (PIA) is a growing global health problem and evidence suggests that PIA is a key driver for cardiovascular and chronic diseases. Recent data from South Africa revealed that only about half of the children achieved recommended daily physical activity (PA) levels. Assessing the intensity of PA in children from low socioeconomic communities in low-income and middle-income countries is important to estimate the extent of cardiovascular risk and overall impact on health.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey in eight quintile 3 primary schools in disadvantaged communities in the Port Elizabeth region, South Africa. Children aged 10–15 years were subjected to PA, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose and skinfold thickness assessments. Cardiovascular risk markers were converted into standardised z-scores and summed, to obtain a clustered cardiovascular risk score.ResultsOverall, 650 children had complete data records. 40.8% of the children did not meet recommended PA levels (ie, logged <60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day). If quartiles were developed based on children’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and MVPA levels, a significant difference was found in clustered cardiovascular risk among children in the highest versus lowest fitness (p<0.001) or MVPA (p<0.001) quartiles.ConclusionsCRF and objectively assessed PA are closely linked with children’s clustered cardiovascular risk. Given that 4 out of 10 South African schoolchildren from marginalised communities do not meet international PA recommendations, efforts should be made to ensure that promoting a physically active lifestyle is recognised as an important educational goal in primary schools.Trial registration numbersISRCTN68411960 and H14-HEA-HMS-002.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional, exploratory survey on health-relevant free-time activities and body mass index in preschool children in urban and rural settings of Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robatsch ◽  
P. Voitl ◽  
Susanne C. Diesner-Treiber
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Rural And Urban

Abstract Background The increasing prevalence of obesity is among the most relevant healthcare issues in Europe. The number of overweight people rises due to lifestyle changes, increased sitting activities, and less physical activity. Prevention in early childhood is paramount to stop this alarming trend. Aim This study primarily aimed to evaluate the average time children (3-5 years) from rural and urban Austrian regions spent engaging in physical activity and sedentary behaviors in their free-time. Additionally, we investigated the potential correlation between duration and habits of free-time activity or place of residence and age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI). The potential impact of socio-economic factors on BMI was examined. Methods Urban (Vienna) and rural (Carinthia) regions of Austria were chosen for this observational cross-sectional study. Preschool children (n=130) attending nurseries in these regions were included. Weight and height were measured and BMI calculated. Free-time activity and socio-economic data were asked using a self-administered questionnaire. Data on sedentary behavior time (sedentary activity and media consumption) and physical activity time (defined as organized or spontaneous exercise) were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Results Preschool children spent approximately as many hours of their free-time engaged in physical activity as in sedentary behaviors. Time trend in media consumption amounts to one-third of the cumulative time spent engaging in sedentary behaviors. Preschoolers from the urban area spent fewer hours practicing organized exercise and more in sedentary behaviors than peers in the rural area. In the selected areas, 7 % of preschoolers were overweight, 3.9 % were obese. BMI was not associated with free-time activities but showed a trendwise negative correlation with organized exercise. A positive correlation of age and organized exercise was observed but not with physical activity per se. Conclusions Our results confirm the necessity of preventive interventions among Austrian preschoolers and lead to a better understanding of their free-time activities. Further investigations with larger study populations are needed to promote effective childhood obesity prevention and examine the differences regarding obesity prevalence and leisure-time activity between rural and urban areas.

Dental Caries Severity and Nutritional Status of Nigerian Preschool Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442110021
Author(s):  
O.O. Olatosi ◽  
A.A. Alade ◽  
T. Naicker ◽  
T. Busch ◽  
A. Oyapero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Childhood Caries

Introduction: Malnutrition in children is one of the most prevalent global health challenges, and malnourished children have a higher risk of death from childhood diseases. Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Complications from ECC such as pain, loss of tooth/teeth, and infection can undermine a child’s nutrition and growth. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the severity of decay, missing, and filled tooth (dmft) by nutritional status using the z scores of the anthropometric measurements: height for age (HFA), weight for age (WFA), weight for height (WFH), and body mass index for age (BMIA) among children with ECC in Nigeria. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 5 local government areas (LGAs) in Lagos State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used. Results: A total of 273 cases of ECC were included in the analyses (mean age 4.19 ± 0.96 y). Overall, the mean dmft was 3.04 ± 2.28, and most (96%) were accounted for by untreated decay. The distribution of dmft within the different z score categories of BMIA (<–3 = severely wasted, –2 to –3 = wasted, –2 to +2 = normal, +2 to +3 = overweight and >+3 = obese) showed the highest dmft scores among the combined severely wasted and wasted groups, lowest among children with normal z scores, and intermediate in the overweight and obese groups. There was a significant negative correlation between BMIA z score, WFH z score, and dmft ( r = −0.181, P < 0.05 and r = −0.143, P < 0.05, respectively). However, the correlations between HFA z score, WFA z score, and dmft were positive but not significant ( r = 0.048, P = 0.44 and r = 0.022, P = 0.77, respectively). Conclusion: Our study showed an increased severity of dental caries among severely wasted or wasted children with ECC compared to those of normal or overweight. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results from this study will raise awareness among clinicians and policy makers on the need for a primary prevention program for early childhood caries in countries with high burden of malnutrition and limited resources. Also, it will help draw the attention of clinicians to the caries status of malnourished children that can be managed to improve the nutritional outcomes.

scholarly journals The Childhood Growth of Twin Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Luke ◽  
S. Leurgans ◽  
L. Keith ◽  
D. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Growth ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Twin Children ◽  
Current Weight

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the childhood growth of twin children in terms of the effects of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and discordancy at birth on the incidence and severity of stunting and discordancy in current height and weight. The study was part of a cross-sectional field project conducted at the Annual Twins Days Festival in Twinsburg. Ohio, USA, during 1990, 1991, and 1993, and including all twin children between 2 and 12 years of age. Mothers of twins were interviewed regarding their children's birthweights and gestational age; the twin children were measured for their current heights and weights. The study population included 990 twin children, including 555 boys and 435 girls, of which there were 254 boy pairs and 194 girl pairs. Birthweight for gestational age and current weight and height were each converted into Z-scores and characterized as severe (Z-score <−2,0), or moderate IUGR or stunting (Z-score > −2.0 and < −1.2). For the present study discordancy in birthweight, and current height and weight was calculated for like-gender twin pairs. Only twin children with severe IUGR at birth showed an increased risk of stunting in their current height or weight, and this risk was only for moderate, not severe, stunting. Boy twins with severe IUGR at birth were at increased risk of moderate stunting in their current weight (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.55, 4.58, P = 0.002), while girl twins with severe IUGR at birth were at increased risk of moderate stunting in their current height (OR 4,09, 95% CI 1.49, 10.99, p = 0.003). Among like-gender twin pairs, there were no differences in mean or categories of birthweight or current weight discordancy, but boy twin pairs did show a significantly greater proportion of current weight discordancy compared to girl twin pairs (p = 0.005). Overall, there was a significant tendency for differences in height and weight between like-gender twin pairs to disappear over time, with the effect being greater for boy twin pairs. We conclude from these findings that twin children tend to overcome growth retardation and discordancy present at birth, and although children who had severe IUGR or discordancy at birth were more likely to have some residual moderate stunting or discordancy in height or weight, they still tended to be within normal values for their gender and current age.

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