Sound-Triggered Production of Antiaggregation Pheromone Limits Overcrowding ofDendroctonus valensAttacking Pine Trees

The monoterpene α-pinene, a major component of the terpene composition of Pinus spp., has been reported to act as a host-produced kairomone for a variety of bark beetle species, including the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins. However, our experiments indicate that α-pinene autoxidizes under normal temperature and atmospheric conditions to form significant quantities of trans-verbenol, an aggregation pheromone for many species of bark beetles. The quantities of α-pinene present in the resin that can flow from small wounds in pine trees appear to be sufficient to produce trans-verbenol at rates similar to those by female beetles that are actively synthesizing the compound.trans-Verbenol can then autoxidize rapidly to form verbenone, with the content of this compound reaching 8% within 13 weeks of exposure to air. Verbenone is often used by scolytids as an antiaggregation pheromone. Approximately 1.9% of the trans-verbenol and 2.7% of the verbenone found in Porapak Q aerations of phloem with boring spruce beetle, Dendroctonusrufipennis (Kirby), females, as well as 0.8% of the trans-verbenol and 0.8% of the verbenone found in aerations of phloem with boring D. ponderosae females, was due to the autoxidation of α-pinene and (or) the release of oxygenated compounds found in the phloem before bark beetle attack. The natural interconversion of α-pinene, trans-verbenol, and verbenone under ambient conditions suggests that many experiments involving the behavioral activity of these compounds require re-evaluation.

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Polar Magnetic Field Reversals of the Sun in Maunder Minimum

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064472 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 193-196

Author(s):

V. I. Makarov ◽

A. G. Tlatov

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Maunder Minimum ◽

The Sun ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Field Reversal ◽

Polar Magnetic Field ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Using Data ◽

Magnetic Field Reversal

AbstractA possible scenario of polar magnetic field reversal of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) is discussed using data of magnetic field reversals of the Sun for 1880–1991 and the14Ccontent variations in the bi-annual rings of the pine-trees in 1600–1730 yrs.

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Fertilizer responses of longleaf pine trees within a loblolly pine plantation: separating direct effects from competition effects

10.2737/srs-rp-48 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Peter H Anderson ◽

Kurt H. Johnsen

Keyword(s):

Loblolly Pine ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Pine Plantation ◽

Competition Effects ◽

Pine Trees

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Pine Trees and Politics: The Naval Stores and Forest Policy in Colonial New England, 1691-1775. Joseph J. Malone

The Journal of Modern History ◽

10.1086/239866 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 197-198

Author(s):

Robert G. McPherson

Keyword(s):

New England ◽

Forest Policy ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Naval Stores ◽

Colonial New England

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A new path loss model based on the volumetric occupancy rate for the pine forests at 5G frequency band

International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies ◽

10.1017/s175907872000152x ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Abdullah Genc

Keyword(s):

Path Loss ◽

Forest Area ◽

Occupancy Rate ◽

Loss Model ◽

Path Loss Model ◽

Model Based ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Foliage Density ◽

Reference Measurements

Abstract In this paper, a new empirical path loss model based on frequency, distance, and volumetric occupancy rate is generated at the 3.5 and 4.2 GHz in the scope of 5G frequency bands. This study aims to determine the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate on path loss depending on the foliage density of the trees in the pine forest area. Using 4.2 GHz and the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate contributes to the literature in terms of novelty. Both the reference measurements to generate a model and verification measurements to verify the proposed models are conducted in three different regions of the forest area with double ridged horn antennas. These regions of the artificial forest area consist of regularly sorted and identical pine trees. Root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared values are calculated to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. For 3.5 and 4.2 GHz, while the RMSEs are 3.983 and 3.883, the values of R-squared are 0.967 and 0.963, respectively. Additionally, the results are compared with four path loss models which are commonly used in the forest area. The proposed one has the best performance among the other models with values 3.98 and 3.88 dB for 3.5 and 4.2 GHz.

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Early detection of pine wilt disease in Pinus tabuliformis in North China using a field portable spectrometer and UAV-based hyperspectral imagery

Forest Ecosystems ◽

10.1186/s40663-021-00328-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Run Yu ◽

Lili Ren ◽

Youqing Luo

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Vegetation Indices ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽

Pine Tree ◽

Preventative Measures ◽

Pine Wilt ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Airborne Vehicle

Abstract Background Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a major ecological concern in China that has caused severe damage to millions of Chinese pines (Pinus tabulaeformis). To control the spread of PWD, it is necessary to develop an effective approach to detect its presence in the early stage of infection. One potential solution is the use of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV) based hyperspectral images (HIs). UAV-based HIs have high spatial and spectral resolution and can gather data rapidly, potentially enabling the effective monitoring of large forests. Despite this, few studies examine the feasibility of HI data use in assessing the stage and severity of PWD infection in Chinese pine. Method To fill this gap, we used a Random Forest (RF) algorithm to estimate the stage of PWD infection of trees sampled using UAV-based HI data and ground-based data (data directly collected from trees in the field). We compared relative accuracy of each of these data collection methods. We built our RF model using vegetation indices (VIs), red edge parameters (REPs), moisture indices (MIs), and their combination. Results We report several key results. For ground data, the model that combined all parameters (OA: 80.17%, Kappa: 0.73) performed better than VIs (OA: 75.21%, Kappa: 0.66), REPs (OA: 79.34%, Kappa: 0.67), and MIs (OA: 74.38%, Kappa: 0.65) in predicting the PWD stage of individual pine tree infection. REPs had the highest accuracy (OA: 80.33%, Kappa: 0.58) in distinguishing trees at the early stage of PWD from healthy trees. UAV-based HI data yielded similar results: the model combined VIs, REPs and MIs (OA: 74.38%, Kappa: 0.66) exhibited the highest accuracy in estimating the PWD stage of sampled trees, and REPs performed best in distinguishing healthy trees from trees at early stage of PWD (OA: 71.67%, Kappa: 0.40). Conclusion Overall, our results confirm the validity of using HI data to identify pine trees infected with PWD in its early stage, although its accuracy must be improved before widespread use is practical. We also show UAV-based data PWD classifications are less accurate but comparable to those of ground-based data. We believe that these results can be used to improve preventative measures in the control of PWD.

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Morphological, Ecological, and Molecular Divergence of Conogethes pinicolalis from C. punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12050455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 455

Author(s):

Na Ra Jeong ◽

Min Jee Kim ◽

Sung-Soo Kim ◽

Sei-Woong Choi ◽

Iksoo Kim

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

First Generation ◽

Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽

Divergence Time ◽

Sequence Divergence ◽

Lineage Sorting ◽

Mitochondrial Coi ◽

Feeding Type ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Yellow Peach Moth

Conogethes pinicolalis has long been considered as a Pinaceae-feeding type of the yellow peach moth, C. punctiferalis, in Korea. In this study, the divergence of C. pinicolalis from the fruit-feeding moth C. punctiferalis was analyzed in terms of morphology, ecology, and genetics. C. pinicolalis differs from C. punctiferalis in several morphological features. Through field observation, we confirmed that pine trees are the host plants for the first generation of C. pinicolalis larvae, in contrast to fruit-feeding C. punctiferalis larvae. We successfully reared C. pinicolalis larvae to adults by providing them pine needles as a diet. From a genetic perspective, the sequences of mitochondrial COI of these two species substantially diverged by an average of 5.46%; moreover, phylogenetic analysis clearly assigned each species to an independent clade. On the other hand, nuclear EF1α showed a lower sequence divergence (2.10%) than COI. Overall, EF1α-based phylogenetic analysis confirmed each species as an independent clade, but a few haplotypes of EF1α indicated incomplete lineage sorting between these two species. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that C. pinicolalis is an independent species according to general taxonomic criteria; however, analysis of the EF1α sequence revealed a short divergence time.

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Interacting effects of insect and ungulate herbivory on Scots pine growth

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79346-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michelle Nordkvist ◽

Maartje J. Klapwijk ◽

La rs Edenius ◽

Christer Björkman

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Growth Response ◽

Insect Herbivory ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Ungulate Herbivory ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Species Specific

AbstractMost plants are subjected to damage from multiple species of herbivores, and the combined impact on plant growth can be non-additive. Since plant response to herbivores tends to be species specific, and change with repeated damage, the outcome likely depend on the sequence and number of attacks. There is a high likelihood of non-additive effects on plant growth by damage from mammals and insects, as mammalian herbivory can alter insect herbivore damage levels, yet few studies have explored this. We report the growth response of young Scots pine trees to sequential mammal and insect herbivory, varying the sequence and number of damage events, using an ungulate-pine-sawfly system. Combined sawfly and ungulate herbivory had both additive and non-additive effects on pine growth—the growth response depended on the combination of ungulate browsing and sawfly defoliation (significant interaction effect). Repeated sawfly herbivory reduced growth (compared to single defoliation) on un-browsed trees. However, on browsed trees, depending on when sawfly defoliation was combined with browsing, trees exposed to repeated sawfly herbivory had both higher, lower and the same growth as trees exposed to a single defoliation event. We conclude that the sequence of attacks by multiple herbivores determine plant growth response.

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Bromine accumulations in pine trees growing around bromine production plants

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es60166a003 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 730-732 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Frank H. Tainter ◽

Dona C. Bailey

Keyword(s):

Pine Trees

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Pinus Species as Prospective Reserves of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Use in Functional Food—Current State of Knowledge

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071306 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1306

Author(s):

Marcin Dziedziński ◽

Joanna Kobus-Cisowska ◽

Barbara Stachowiak

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Functional Food ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Pine Tree ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Few Data

The pine (Pinus L.) is the largest and most heteromorphic plant genus of the pine family (Pinaceae Lindl.), which grows almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere. The demand for plant-based remedies, supplements and functional food is growing worldwide. Although pine-based products are widely available in many parts of the world, they are almost absent as food ingredients. The literature shows the beneficial effects of pine preparations on human health. Despite the wide geographical distribution of pine trees in the natural environment, there are very few data in the literature on the widespread use of pine in food technology. This study aims to present, characterise and evaluate the content of phytochemicals in pine trees, including shoots, bark and conifer needles, as well as to summarise the available data on their health-promoting and functional properties, and the potential of their use in food and the pharmaceutical industry to support health. Various species of pine tree contain different compositions of bioactive compounds. Regardless of the solvent, method, pine species and plant part used, all pine extracts contain a high number of polyphenols. Pine tree extracts exhibit several described biological activities that may be beneficial to human health. The available examples of the application of pine elements in food are promising. The reuse of residual pine elements is still limited compared to its potential. In this case, it is necessary to conduct more research to find and develop new products and applications of pine residues and by-products.

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