scholarly journals Understanding Drivers of COVID-19 Racial Disparities: A Population-Level Analysis of COVID-19 Testing among Black and White Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaloke Mody ◽  
Kristin Pfeifauf ◽  
Cory Bradley ◽  
Branson Fox ◽  
Matifadza G Hlatshwayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kansas City ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Senior Services

Abstract Background Disparities in COVID-19 testing—the pandemic’s most critical but limited resource—may be an important but modifiable driver of COVID-19 inequities. Methods We analyzed data from the Missouri State Department Health and Senior Services on all COVID-19 tests conducted in the St. Louis and Kansas City regions. We adapted a well-established tool for measuring inequity—the Lorenz curve—to compare COVID-19 testing rates per diagnosed case among Black and White populations. Results Between 3/14/2020 and 9/15/2020, 606,725 and 328,204 COVID-19 tests were conducted in the St. Louis and Kansas City regions, respectively. Over time, Black individuals consistently had approximately half the rate of testing per case compared to White individuals. In the early period (3/14/2020 to 6/15/2020), zip codes in the lowest quartile of testing rates accounted for only 12.1% and 8.8% of all tests in the St. Louis and Kansas City regions, respectively, even though they accounted for 25% of all cases each region. These zip codes had higher proportions of residents who were Black, without insurance, and with lower median incomes. These disparities were reduced but still persisted during later phases of the pandemic (6/16/2020 to 9/15/2020). Lastly, even within the same zip code, Black residents had lower rates of tests per case compared to White residents. Conclusions Black populations had consistently lower COVID-19 testing rates per diagnosed case compared to White populations in two Missouri regions. Public health strategies should proactively focus on addressing equity gaps in COVID-19 testing to improve equity of the overall response.

scholarly journals Lisbon in the sixteenth century: decoding the Chafariz d’el Rei

Race & Class ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Stefan Halikowski Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Public Square ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Portuguese Society

An anonymous sixteenth-century painting of the King’s Fountain in the Lisbon Alfama, Chafariz d’el Rei, recently the subject of speculation over its provenance and date, has also been of interest because of its depiction of so many black and white figures together, from all social strata and walks of life and in many (often water-related) trades in a public square. It very obviously suggests that black residents of Lisbon at that time, if originating from the trade in slaves, had been able to make their way as freedmen and women into Portuguese society. With careful reading of the figures in the painting against other written and painted portrayals from the time, the author attempts to deduce if this was an accurate depiction of Lisbon in the 1500s, or whether the painter might have distorted reality to render Lisbon as a ludic or exotic space – or indeed to disparage it. The painter himself might well have come from northern Europe.

“Peace at Home Is the Most Essential Thing”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent M. S. Campney
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
World War I ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Race Riots ◽  
Black Resistance ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
New Generation

This chapter chronicles the long “Red Summer” and persistent racial violence throughout the 1920s. With America's entry into World War I, black populations swelled in response to labor shortages, thus precipitating racial conflict over jobs and housing between white residents of northern industrial cities and the black newcomers. These tensions would culminate in the “Red Summer,” a season of race riots, conflagrations, and other types of spectacular violence. Though the wartime surge in violence would subside after 1921, racial prejudice and violence continued on. Despite these setbacks, however, black resistance likewise persisted; and this period marks the ascent of a new generation of civil rights activists, as well as a few other notable milestones such as the Thurman-Watts v. Board of Education of Coffeyville and Brown v. Board of Education decisions and the establishment of the Kansas City branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

“White Night”: Gentrification, Racial Exclusion, and Perceptions and Participation in the Arts

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Shaw ◽  
Daniel Monroe Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Arts Participation ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Racial Exclusion ◽  
Symbolic Economy ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Depth Interviews

Art festivals are a feature of many urban districts undergoing gentrification; they help to catalyze change by drawing a set of consumers with particular cultural interests. This article examines whether the arts produce racial exclusions by examining long–term Black and White residents’ participation in and perceptions of the monthly Last Thursday Art Walks in Portland's gentrifying Alberta Arts District. We use surveys to measure arts participation and follow–up, in–depth interviews to understand whether long–time residents feel excluded by the arts, and if race is a factor. We find that Black residents participate less in Last Thursdays than White residents, and they often feel uncomfortable or unwelcome. We conclude that the arts–anchored symbolic economy results in racial exclusions that have little to do with differences in arts appreciation, but much to do with perceptions of people associated with the arts, and with residents’ abilities to use the arts to identify with neighborhood changes.

Use of the Death Anxiety Scale in an Inter-Racial Jetting

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Pandey ◽  
Donald I. Templer
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Attitudes Toward Death ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Lincoln University ◽  
White College

The purpose of this study was to assess possible differences between black and white college students on Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and to determine whether the DAS adequately measures death anxiety in black populations. Ss were 258 undergraduates from Lincoln University, 124 whites (66 males; 58 females) and 134 blacks (72 males; 62 females). No mean differences between race and sex categories were found to be significant. Therefore, the assumption is supported that blacks and whites share similar attitudes toward death.

scholarly journals Disease Expression and Outcomes in Black and White Adults With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milla E. Arabadjian ◽  
Gary Yu ◽  
Mark V. Sherrid ◽  
Victoria Vaughan Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Black African ◽  
Disease Expression ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
White Adults ◽  
White Patients

Background There is limited research on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is the most common inherited cardiac disorder, in diverse populations, including Black individuals. Current literature lacks comprehensive data on HCM disease expression, comorbidities, and outcomes in this historically disadvantaged group. The purpose of this study was to examine structural HCM characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes in a Black and White cohort with HCM. Methods and Results The study was a subgroup analysis from a longitudinal, prospective study on HCM, with supplemental chart review. The sample included adults (≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of HCM, who self‐identified as Black/African American or White. The study sample comprised 434 individuals; 57 (13.1%) were Black, and 180 (41.5%) were women. Black patients were younger than White patients, 54.6 (13.4) versus 62.5 (14.8) years, P =0.001. Black patients were more likely to have sub‐basal and diffuse hypertrophy, 22 (38.6%) versus 56 (14.9%), P <0.001, 6 (10.5%) versus 15 (4%), P =0.017, mid‐LV obstruction, 7 (12.3%) versus 21 (5.5%), P =0.025, and cardiac fibrosis ≥15%, 10 (22.2%) versus 19 (8.8%), P =0.009, than White patients. Black patients were more likely to experience appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator interventions, 5 (38.5) versus 5 (6.8), P <0.001 and were more likely to have ≥2 sudden death risk factors. Comorbidities were largely similar between groups, though more Black participants had Class II obesity, 12 (21.8) versus 30 (8.1), P <0.001. Both groups had similar rates of genetic testing usage. Conclusions This study underscores the need for continued research of HCM in Black populations, including tailored approaches to diagnosis and precise evaluation of cardiac anatomy.

The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide Rates among Black and White Populations in the United States, 1991–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Knopov ◽  
Michael Siegel ◽  
Ziming Xuan ◽  
Emily F Rothman ◽  
Shea W Cronin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Black People ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Author Identification ◽  
Background Check ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the potential differential effects of state-level firearm laws on black and white populations. Using a panel design, authors examined the relationship between state firearm laws and homicide victimization rates among white people and black people in 39 states during the period between 1991 and 2016. Authors modeled homicide rates using linear regression with year and state fixed effects and controlled for a range of time-varying, state-level factors. Results showed that universal background check laws and permit requirement laws were associated with lower homicide rates among both white and black populations, and “shall issue” laws were associated with higher homicide rates among both white and black populations. Laws that prohibit firearm possession among people convicted of a violent misdemeanor or require relinquishment of firearms by people with a domestic violence restraining order were associated with lower black homicide rates, but not with white homicide rates. Author identification of heterogeneity in the associations between state firearm laws and homicide rates among different racial groups has implications for reducing racial health disparities.

Effect of Practice on Hand Preference on a Color Visual Discrimination Task by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Clotilde H. Tavares ◽  
Letícia Aguiar ◽  
Carlos Tomaz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Visual Discrimination Task ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Direct Function

Effects of practice on hand preference in nonhuman primates have indicated an initial right-hemispheric advantage in new tasks that can be reversed or disappear after a long period of training. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 6-mo. practice on hand preference in capuchin monkeys ( Cebus apella) performing a color visual discrimination task which requires attention and learning or memory processes. For this purpose, an early period of practice (first 200 trials) was compared with a late period of practice (the last 200 trials after 6 mo. practice). No population-level biases were observed between the use of hands either early in training or after 6 mo. of practice. Individual analysis indicated that two of the five subjects tested strengthened their initial hand preference but three subjects changed their preference with the practice. No correlation was observed between hand use and performance. These results suggest that hand preference in capuchin monkeys can be influenced by practice and is not only a direct function of hemispheric specialization.

Suicide Rates and Differences in Rates Between Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White Populations in the 30 Largest US Cities, 2008-2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110415
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Schober ◽  
Maureen R. Benjamins ◽  
Nazia S. Saiyed ◽  
Abigail Silva ◽  
Susana Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Hispanic White

Objectives Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, and rates vary by race and ethnicity. An analysis of suicide across large US cities is absent from the literature. The objective of this study was to examine suicide rates among the total population, non-Hispanic Black population, and non-Hispanic White population in the United States and in the 30 largest US cities. Methods We used data from the National Vital Statistics System to calculate non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and total age-adjusted suicide rates for the 30 largest US cities and for the entire nation during 2 periods: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. We also examined absolute and relative differences in suicide rates among non-Hispanic White populations and non-Hispanic Black populations in each city. Results The overall age-adjusted suicide rate per 100 000 population in the United States increased significantly from 12.3 in 2008-2012 to 13.5 in 2013-2017. Total suicide rates were stable in most cities; rates increased significantly in only 1 city (Louisville), and rates decreased significantly in 2 cities (Boston and Memphis). The non-Hispanic White suicide rate was significantly higher—1.3 to 4.3 times higher—than the non-Hispanic Black suicide rate in 24 of 26 study cities during 2013-2017. From 2008-2012 to 2013-2017, non-Hispanic White suicide rates decreased significantly in 3 cities and increased significantly in 3 cities; non-Hispanic Black suicide rates increased significantly in 5 cities and decreased in none. Absolute differences in suicide rates among non-Hispanic White populations and non-Hispanic Black populations increased significantly in 1 city (Louisville) and decreased significantly in 2 cities (Memphis and Boston). Conclusions Our study may inform the use of evidence-based programs and practices to address population-level risk factors for suicide.

scholarly journals Population-Level Correlates of Preterm Delivery among Black and White Women in the U.S

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e94153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan L. Carmichael ◽  
Mark R. Cullen ◽  
Jonathan A. Mayo ◽  
Jeffrey B. Gould ◽  
Pooja Loftus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
White Women ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Creating the Black Ghetto

2015 ◽  
Vol 660 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Logan ◽  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Richard Turner ◽  
Allison Shertzer
Keyword(s):  
Great Migration ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Ghetto ◽  
Period 1880 ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Black Populations

Were black ghettos a product of white reaction to the Great Migration in the 1920s and 1930s, or did the ghettoization process have earlier roots? This article takes advantage of recently available data on black and white residential patterns in several major northern cities in the period 1880–1940. Using geographic areas smaller than contemporary census tracts, we trace the growth of black populations in each city and trends in the level of isolation and segregation. In addition we analyze the determinants of location: which blacks lived in neighborhoods with higher black concentrations, and what does this tell us about the ghettoization process? We find that the development of ghettos in an embryonic form was well underway in 1880, that segregation became intense prior to the Great Migration, and that in this whole period blacks were segregated based on race rather than class or southern origin.

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