Spatial distribution of severe rainstorms over India and their associated areal raindepthsSpatial distribution of severe rainstorms over India and their associated areal raindepths

Spatial distribution of 97 severe rainstorms of India which occurred during the period 1880 to 1990 was examined, by plotting this data over large-scale base maps of the country , It was found that excepting a few rainstorms, most of these rainstorms, have preferred zones of occurrence. These zones have been demarcated and their boundaries are found to correspond with the orographic boundaries of the region where these zones occur. Also, the isohyetal patterns drawn on the basis of DAD data of these rainstorms for different size areas and durations have shown that within each of the rainstorm zones, there are areas or cells of heavy rainfall which need to be taken care of while transposing rainstorms from one area to another for obtaining design storm estimates.

Life, Literacy, and the Pursuit of Prosperity: Party Competition and Policy Outcomes in 50 States

We ask whether party competition improves economic and social well-being, drawing on evidence from the 50 American states for the period 1880–2010. Today, strident party competition and partisan polarization are blamed for many of the ills of national and state politics. But a much deeper political science tradition points to the virtues of competitive party politics. In this historical analysis, we find that states with competitive party systems spend more than other states—and specifically spend more on education, health, and transportation, areas identified as investments in human capital and infrastructure. We find that this spending leads to longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality, better educational outcomes, and higher incomes. Thus we conclude that party competition is not just healthy for a political system but for the life prospects of a state’s residents.

Socioeconomic disparities in climate vulnerability: neonatal mortality in northern Sweden, 1880–1950

The aim of this study was to analyse the association between season of birth, temperature and neonatal mortality according to socioeconomic status in northern Sweden from 1880 to 1950. The source material for this study comprised digitised parish records combined with local weather data. The association between temperature, seasonality, socioeconomic status and neonatal mortality was modelled using survival analysis. We can summarise our findings according to three time periods. During the first period (1880–1899), temperature and seasonality had the greatest association with high neonatal mortality, and the socioeconomic differences in vulnerability were small. The second period (1900–1929) was associated with a decline in seasonal and temperature-related vulnerabilities among all socioeconomic groups. For the last period (1930–1950), a new regime evolved with rapidly declining neonatal mortality rates involving class-specific temperature vulnerabilities, and there was a particular effect of high temperature among workers. We conclude that the effect of season of birth on neonatal mortality was declining for all socioeconomic groups (1880–1950), whereas weather vulnerability was pronounced either when the socioeconomic disparities in neonatal mortality were large (1880–1899) or during transformations from high to low neonatal rates in the course of industrialisation and urbanisation.

Energising Mexico: Historical Energy Consumption, Transitions and Economic Growth 1880-2015

This paper employs archival data to reconstruct the historical pattern of primary energyconsumption in Mexico during the 1880-2015 period. The study highlights the characteristics ofthe energy transitions between different primary energy sources and offers the first account of bothtraditional and modern energy carriers. It performs a trend and level analysis to explain how theeconomic structure, population and economic growth have impacted energy intensity andproductivity. Thus, the paper provides a first approximation to the long-term relationship betweeneconomic growth and energy utilisation in Mexico. The period 1880- 1920 saw both growths inpopulation and income increase energy consumption, the period 1921-1960 is mostly driven byincome growth, 1961-2000, both growths in population and income drive consumption, andfinally, between 2001 and 2015, population growth is the dominant force.

Displacement Effect and Ratchet Effect: Testing of Two Alternative Hypotheses

This article empirically tests the displacement effect of Peacock and Wiseman (PW) and the ratchet effect of Bird, both of which are alternatives to Wagner’s law on the growth of public expenditure. The displacement effect explains why the (horizontal) trend line moves upward in discrete steps over time, whereas the ratchet effect affirms that public expenditure “ratchets” during drops in the economy and remains at a higher level after the economy stabilizes. The following innovations are introduced in the present study: (a) empirical testing was conducted for Spain and an extensive time period, 1880–2016; (b) the relationship between PR and expenditure was considered, introducing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a control variable; and (c) testing was performed using two differentiated methodologies. More specifically, the two methodologies employed were unit roots and cointegration with structural breakpoints and the more recent wavelet methodology. Given that PW refer to situations of social upheaval and its consequences, this study places its focus on analyzing the changes produced in Spain’s public expenditure with respect to the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 and to other disruptions both before and after this date. It was concluded that the displacement effect explains the development of Spanish public expenditure for the crises of 1982 and 1998. Meanwhile, wavelet methodology explains growth that took place in 1920 and 1980. In contrast, the ratchet effect does not explain the development of Spanish public expenditure over the study period.

The Modern Short Story and Magazine Culture, 1880-1950

This collection of original essays highlights the intertwined fates of the modern short story and periodical culture in the period 1880–1950, the heyday of magazine short fiction in Britain. Through case studies that focus on particular magazines, short stories and authors, chapters investigate the presence, status and functioning of short stories within a variety of periodical publications – highbrow and popular, mainstream and specialised, middlebrow and avant-garde. Examining the impact of social and publishing networks on the production, dissemination and reception of short stories, this essay collection foregrounds the ways in which magazines and periodicals shaped conversations about the short story form and prompted or provoked writers into developing the genre.

Surface Deformation Analysis of the Wider Zagreb Area (Croatia) with Focus on the Kašina Fault, Investigated with Small Baseline InSAR Observations

The wider Zagreb area is considered one of the few seismically active areas in the Republic of Croatia. During the period 1880–1906, moderate to strong seismic activity with three earthquakes magnitude M L ≥ 6 occurred on the NW-SE striking Kašina Fault and since then, the area has not experienced earthquakes exceeding magnitude M L = 5 . In order to estimate the ongoing interseismic strain accumulation along the fault, we analyze Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) and Environmental Satellite (Envisat)-Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) datasets acquired over the period 2007–2010 and 2002–2010, respectively. The data were analyzed using small baseline interferometry (SBI) technique and indicate very slow surface deformations in the area, within ±3.5 mm/year, which are in a good agreement with previous geodetic studies. Interseismic strain accumulation analysis was conducted on two 14 km long segments of the Kašina Fault, seismically active in the South and stable in the North. The analysis indicates an ongoing interseismic strain accumulation of 2.3 mm/year on the Southern segment and no detectable strain accumulation on the Northern segment. Taking into consideration the lack of moderate to strong seismic activity in the past 113 years combined with the preliminary geodetic analysis from this study, we can conclude that the Southern segment of the Kašina Fault has the potential to generate earthquake magnitude M w < 6.

English Drama in the Late of Victorian Period (1880-1901): Realism in Drama Genre Revival

A progressive growth in literature was seen significantly during Victorian period. These decades also saw an overdue revival of drama, in which the existence of drama was started to improve when entering late of Victorian period. Along with that situation, Thomas William Robertson (1829-1871) emerged as a popular drama writer at that time besides the coming of Henrik Ibsen’s works in 1880’s. However, Robertson’s popularity was defeated by other dramatists during late of Victorian period (1880-1901), drama writer like Oscar Wilde (1854-1900). Beside Wilde, there were several well known dramatists during late of Victorian period. Dramatists as Shaw, Jones, and Pinero were also influential toward the development of drama at that time. In the discussion of English drama development, role of late Victorian period’s dramatists was really important toward the development of modern drama. Their works and efforts really influenced the triumph of realism and development of drama after Victorian period ended. Therefore, the development of drama during late of Victorian period is discussed in this particular writing, due to the important roles of dramatist such as Wilde, Shaw, Pinero, and Jones. Here, their roles to the revival of English drama and the trend of realism in the history of English literature are very important.

Slovak Views of Ukraine (1880–1914)

The Ukrainian themes appeared in the Slovak context of the period 1880–1914 within three thematic lines: 1) the Slavophilic line (a wide complex of ideological, historical, linguistic, ethnological, confessional and cultural issues concerning Russia and Eastern Slavs); 2) the documentary factual line (travelogue narratives); and 3) the literary line (translations of Ukrainian literary works and information about the Ukrainian literary life in the genres of literary journalism). These lines overlapped, but the first one, i.e. ideologically-based line of Slavic solidarity, was the most significant. This line substantially determined the nature of the Slovak views on the Ukrainian religious life, emancipation movement (in correlation ‘Little Russia’ – ‘Great Russia’), institutions, personally witnessed affairs and also the Ukrainian literature. In terms of the conservative national discourse, the Ukrainian independence movement was represented as a manifestation of separatism and the distinct Ukrainian nationality was rejected or questioned. Its acceptance was a matter of the later period. The interliterary contacts were sporadic and occasional. At the beginning of the 20th century, under the influence of the modernization and liberal attitude of the rising generation to the right of self-determination, the Ukrainian literature was primarily perceived as a literature of a close Slavic nation, which was, as well as the Slovak nation, in the position of an oppressed ethnic group lacking its own political independence.

Circus

The modern circus emerged and developed during the period when Western industrializing societies were undergoing transformation as a result of socioeconomic modernization. Philip Astley’s popular demonstrations of trick horse-riding at Astley’s Riding School in London in 1768 constitute the origins of the modern circus. Astley interspersed his novel equestrian displays with an eclectic variety of performances such as singing, dancing, acrobatics, and juggling. Other producers soon emulated this new style of entertainment, which became known as circus. It spread swiftly to France, Russia, North America, and eventually to Britain’s settler colonies. By the 1860s the key components of the institutionalized circus were well established. These included performances within the equestrian’s circular ring, a diverse range of acts on horseback, clowns, trained animals, and skilled physical displays such as rope- or wire-walking, acrobatics, juggling, aerial acts, and aerial flight with trapeze apparatus. Circuses expanded in size and experienced mass popularity with all classes of people in the Western industrialized world during the period 1880–1920. Impressionist and early modernist artists, notably Degas, Renoir, Toulouse-Lautrec, Seurat, Roualt, Picasso, and Chagall found inspiration in the circus environment and the novel bodies of the circus’s human and animal performers.