Application of a Vidicon Spectrometer for Simultaneous Flame-Emission Analysis for Sodium and Potassium in Serum

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1422-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E Cook ◽  
Michael J Milano ◽  
Harry L Pardue
Keyword(s):  
Emission Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Silicon Target ◽  
Visible Spectra ◽  
Hydrogen Flame ◽  
Basic Studies ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Abstract We describe a unique new approach to analytical spectroscopy, which makes use of a silicon-target vidicon tube to rapidly and repetitively scan ultraviolet and visible spectra. We discuss the concept and characteristics of the vidicon spectrometer and illustrate its application to simultaneous determination of sodium and potassium in serum by flame photometry. Average values of coefficients of variation for sodium and potassium are 1.1% and 1.7%, respectively. Recoveries of sodium and potassium added to sera were 99.5% and 99.8%, respectively. When the same burner and flame conditions were used with the vidicon spectrometer and a conventional flame photometer, deviations among results were well within ±3 mmol/liter for sodium and 0.2 mmol/liter for potassium. A bias is observed for both elements when results obtained with an air-hydrogen flame are compared with results obtained with an air-propane flame. Our data illustrate that the vidicon spectrometer is a viable tool for both routine applications and basic studies of effects of flame conditions on two or more elements simultaneously.

Model Compound Vulcanization—Part I. Basic Studies

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. Lautenschlaeger
Keyword(s):  
Model Compound ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Isomer Distribution ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Reliable Model ◽  
Sulfur Level ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Basic Studies

Abstract Rapid, yet reliable model compound vulcanization techniques have been developed in order to establish a link between MCV and vulcanizate properties. The main features of the new approach are the determination of the sulfidic product yield and a more extensive analysis of the isomer distribution. An increase in reaction time, a decrease in the sulfur level or an increase in the accelerator level lead to similar changes in the isomer distributions. Increasing zinc oxide levels lead to an increasing vulcanization efficiency. The isomer distribution is significantly affected by concentration changes. This has not been previously observed. A good correlation between MCV results and the analysis of sulfidic rubber networks in actual vulcanisates was observed.

Determination of Sodium and Potassium in Blood of Oceanic Fish by Emission Flame Spectrometry Using an Exponential Extrapolation with Multiple Standard Additions

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Folsom ◽  
N. Hansen ◽  
W. E. Weitz ◽  
G. J. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Simple Manner ◽  
Tuna Fish ◽  
Exponential Curve ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Standard Additions ◽  
Emission Flame ◽  
Flame Spectrometry ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Similar Elements

A method is described for using multiple standard additions to determine sodium and potassium in samples of digested but unpurified blood of oceanic tuna fish whose flame emission responses are nonlinear. An exponential curve is fit in a rational manner to signals of the unknown and two or more spiked unknowns. Evidences are given suggesting that higher precision can be obtained in determination of these and similar elements in biological materials in a direct and simple manner.

Simplified Slurry Method for Direct Flame Emission Determinations of Dietary Salt in Processed Meat

1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Wichman ◽  
R. Fietkau ◽  
R. C. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Processed Meat ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Processed Meats ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Dry Ashing ◽  
Slurry Method

The rapid, direct slurry atomization flame emission procedure for Na and K determination is shown to give accurate results for a variety of processed meats including bologna, salami, sausage, ham, bacon, and pizza products. Wet and dry ashing methods are found to be unnecessary in this application. The sample preparation scheme for the elements Na and K has been even further simplified over our previous slurry atomization report (Ref. 1) by elimination of the sonic/cavitational homogenizer in favor of an ordinary household food processor (meat grinder). Ground meat or pizza is simply suspended by being shaken in some deionized water followed immediately by direct flame emission analysis of the suspension using a slurry nebulizer and a high-solids premixed natural-gas/air flame. A simple clinical-type filter photometer is evaluated as a substitute for the grating instrument previously used for the determination of dietary salt in processed meat by slurry atomization.

Determination of Boron in Fertilizers by Emission Flame Photometry in the Air-Hydrogen Flame

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-800
Author(s):  
E E Pickett ◽  
J C-M Pau ◽  
S R Koirtyohann
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Boron Oxide ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Flame Emission ◽  
Emission Mode ◽  
Hydrogen Flame ◽  
Emission Flame

Abstract The highly selective extraction of boron from acid solutions by 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol, recently applied to determination of boron in boronated fertilizers by atomic absorption, can be used also in the flame emission mode in the air-hydrogen flame with distinct advantage. This convenient and inexpensive flame, although relatively cool, excites boron oxide emission intensely and provides superior detection limits, about 0.1 ppm in the extract (time constant 2 sec). The freedom from interference provided by the extraction permits the background and boron oxide emission measurements to be made easily and reliably. Certain older flame photometers can be used satisfactorily, although modern flame emission photometers, including some atomic absorption instruments, equipped with recorders, are preferred. Interferences and extraction conditions were studied further and the method was tried on several fertilizers.

The Dudley Lee Case: A new approach to factual causation and its implications for transformative jurisprudence

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Anmari Meerkotter
Keyword(s):  
Case Note ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
State Accountability ◽  
The Law ◽  
Transformative Impact ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence ◽  
Law Of Delict

The Constitutional Court (CC) judgment of Lee v Minister of Correction Services 2013 2SA 144 (CC) is a recent contribution to transformative constitutional jurisprudence in the field of the law of delict. This matter turned on the issue of factual causation in the context of wrongful and negligent systemic omissions by the state. In this case note, I explore the law relating to this element of delictual liability with specific regard to the traditional test for factual causation – the conditio sine qua non (‘but-for’) test. In particular, I note the problems occasioned by formalistic adherence to this test in the context of systemic state omissions as evidenced by the SCA judgment in the same matter. I also consider the manner in which English courts have addressed this problem. Thereafter, I analyse the CC’s broader approach to the determination of factual causation as one based on common sense and justice. I argue that this approach endorses a break from a formalistic application of the test and constitutes a step towards an approach which resonates with the foundational constitutional values of freedom, dignity and equality. Furthermore, it presents an appropriate solution to the problems associated with factual causation where systemic omissions are concerned. I then consider the transformative impact of the Lee judgment. In particular, I argue that the broader enquiry favoured by the CC facilitates the realisation of constitutionally guaranteed state accountability, and amounts to an extension of the existing norm of accountability jurisprudence. Hence, I contend that the judgment presents a further effort by the Constitutional Court to effect wholesale the constitutionalisation of the law of delict, as well as a vindicatory tool to be used by litigants who have been adversely affected by systemic state omissions.

Dc arc emission analysis of rare earth metals and their oxides with sorption preconcentration of impurities

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
E. S. Koshel ◽  
V. B. Baranovskaya ◽  
M. S. Doronina
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
Analytical Signal ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Sorption Preconcentration ◽  
Sample Shape

The analytical capabilities of arc atomic emission determination of As, Bi, Sb, Cu, Te in rare earth metals (REM) and their oxides after preparatory group concentration using S,N-containing heterochain polymer sorbent are studied on a high-resolution spectrometer “Grand- Extra” (“WMC-Optoelectron-ics” company, Russia). Sorption kinetics and dependence of the degree of the impurity extraction on the solution acidity are analyzed to specify conditions of sorption concentration. To optimize the procedure of arc atomic emission determination of As, Bi, Sb, Cu, and Te various schemes of their sorption preconcentration and subsequent processing of the resulted concentrate with the addition of a collector at different stages of the sorption process have been considered. Graphite powder is used as a collector in analysis of rare earth oxides due to universality and relative simplicity of the emission spectrum. Conditions of analysis and parameters of the spectrometer that affect the analytical signal (mass and composition of the sample, shape and size of the electrodes, current intensity and generator operation mode, interelectrode spacing, wavelengths of the analytical lines) are chosen. The evaporation curves of the determinable impurities were studied and the exposure time of As, Bi, Sb, Cu, and Te in the resulted sorption concentrate was determined. Correctness of the obtained results was evaluated using standard samples of the composition and in comparisons between methods. The results of the study are used to develop a method of arc chemical-atomic emission analysis of yttrium, gadolinium, neodymium, europium, scandium and their oxides in a concentration range of n x (10-2 - 10-5) wt.%.

Automatic Determination of Optimal FIB Operations for Improved Circuit Probing and Fast Reconfiguration

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Desplats ◽  
Timothee Dargnies ◽  
Jean-Christophe Courrege ◽  
Philippe Perdu ◽  
Jean-Louis Noullet
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Automatic Determination ◽  
Metal Line ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Metal Layers

Abstract Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tools are widely used for Integrated Circuit (IC) debug and repair. With the increasing density of recent semiconductor devices, FIB operations are increasingly challenged, requiring access through 4 or more metal layers to reach a metal line of interest. In some cases, accessibility from the front side, through these metal layers, is so limited that backside FIB operations appear to be the most appropriate approach. The questions to be resolved before starting frontside or backside FIB operations on a device are: 1. Is it do-able, are the metal lines accessible? 2. What is the optimal positioning (e.g. accessing a metal 2 line is much faster and easier than digging down to a metal 6 line)? (for the backside) 3. What risk, time and cost are involved in FIB operations? In this paper, we will present a new approach, which allows the FIB user or designer to calculate the optimal FIB operation for debug and IC repair. It automatically selects the fastest and easiest milling and deposition FIB operations.

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