scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Not just fuel: energy stores are correlated with immune function and oxidative damage in a long-distance migrant

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cas Eikenaar ◽  
Arne Hegemann ◽  
Florian Packmor ◽  
Iris Kleudgen ◽  
Caroline Isaksson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Energy Stores

scholarly journals Not just fuel: energy stores are correlated with immune function and oxidative damage in a long-distance migrant

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cas Eikenaar ◽  
Arne Hegemann ◽  
Florian Packmor ◽  
Iris Kleudgen ◽  
Caroline Isaksson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Stopover Sites ◽  
Energetic Condition ◽  
Energy Stores

Abstract In many animals, catabolic and anabolic periods are temporally separated. Migratory birds alternate energy expenditure during flight with energy accumulation during stopover. The size of the energy stores at stopover affects the decision to resume migration and thus the temporal organization of migration. We now provide data suggesting that it is not only the size of the energy stores per se that may influence migration scheduling, but also the physiological consequences of flying. In two subspecies of the northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, a long-distance migrant, estimated energy stores at a stopover during autumn migration were positively related with both constitutive innate and acquired immune function, and negatively related with oxidative damage to lipids. In other words, migrants’ physiological condition was associated with their energetic condition. Although time spent at stopover before sampling may have contributed to this relationship, our results suggest that migrants have to trade-off the depletion of energy stores during flight with incurring physiological costs. This will affect migrants’ decisions when to start and when to terminate a migratory flight. The physiological costs associated with the depletion of energy stores may also help explaining why migrants often arrive at and depart from stopover sites with larger energy stores than expected. We propose that studies on the role of energy stores as drivers of the temporal organization of (avian) migration need to consider physiological condition, such as immunological and oxidative states.

scholarly journals Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. II. Constitutive Immune Function and the Acute‐Phase Response

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Buehler ◽  
Francisco Encinas‐Viso ◽  
Magali Petit ◽  
François Vézina ◽  
B. Irene Tieleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Access To Food

scholarly journals PSVII-5 Effect of yeast, astragalus polysaccharide or tulathromycin administration on immune function of transported heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 303-304
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Qingxiang Meng ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Paul A Beck
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Medication Costs ◽  
Astragalus Polysaccharide ◽  
Distance Transport

Abstract Transportation stress of beef calves results in decreased performance and increased medication costs. The hypothesis of the current research was that yeast, astragalus polysaccharide, or tulathromycin administration would enhance immune function and alleviate the performance loss caused by long-distance transport. Angus heifers (n = 80) were ranked by BW on d -7 and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments before shipping 1,400 km: 1) fed a basal diet (CON) 2) administered yeast product (20 g/heifer daily) in basal diet from d -7 to 7 (YEA); 3) administration of astragalus polysaccharide (20 g/heifer daily) in basal diet from d -7 to 7 (APS); or 4) administration of tulathromycin (0.025 mL/kg BW subcutaneous injection) at loading (d 0; TUL). During transport (29 h duration) cattle remained in the trucks at all times. Upon arrival (d 1), heifers within each treatment were ranked by BW and assigned to 20 feedlot pens (5 pens/treatment, 4 heifers/pen). Blood was collected on d -7, -1, 1, and 7. Blood parameters among treatments over time were compared by SAS using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Over the receiving period, ADG were less (P < 0.01) for CON than YEA, APS and TUL but did not differ among these groups. A treatment × day interaction was detected for neutrophil, IgA and IgG (P < 0.05), where neutrophil was lower in YEA and APS than in TUL and CON on d 1 (P < 0.05). Serum IgA was higher in YEA and APS than in CON and TUL on d 1 (P < 0.05), serum IgG was higher in APS than in YEA, CON and TUL on d 1 and 7 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, APS and YEA could enhance immune function, resulting in alleviating the performance loss caused by long-distance transport.

scholarly journals Migrating birds rapidly increase constitutive immune function during stopover

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 192031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cas Eikenaar ◽  
Sven Hessler ◽  
Arne Hegemann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Stopover Sites ◽  
Food Conditions ◽  
Fuel Accumulation ◽  
Migrating Birds

Migratory flight is physiologically highly demanding and has been shown to negatively affect multiple parameters of constitutive immune function (CIF), an animal's first line of physiological defence against infections. In between migratory flights, most birds make stopovers, periods during which they accumulate fuel for the next flight(s). Stopovers are also commonly thought of as periods of rest and recovery, but what this encompasses is largely undefined. Here, we show that during stopover, northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe, a long-distance migratory bird, can rapidly increase constitutive innate immune function. We caught and temporarily caged birds under ad libitum food conditions at a stopover site in autumn. Within 2 days, most birds significantly increased complement activity and their ability to kill microbes. Changes in immune function were not related to the birds' food intake or extent of fuel accumulation. Our study suggests that stopovers may not only be important to refuel but also to restore immune function. Additionally, the increase in CIF could help migrating birds to deal with novel pathogens they may encounter at stopover sites.

The function of sleep

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. K. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Universal Function ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
The Brain

The function of sleep was a longstanding mystery in neuroscience, but there is now compelling empirical evidence for several key functions of sleep. Elucidating these functions and their underlying pathways is a hot area for the field of sleep research today, and many open questions remain. What we have gleaned from recent data is that it is important to view sleep as a synthesis of processes that enable improved functioning during wakefulness. There is no single universal function of sleep, but rather a collection of synergistic functions that are each of varying importance to different species. In humans, sleep plays critical roles in consolidating memories, restoring energy stores in the brain, clearing wastes from the brain, immune function, metabolic function, and overall health.

scholarly journals Seasonal Differences in Immunological Condition of Three Species of Thrushes

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Owen ◽  
Frank R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Spring Migration ◽  
Total Leukocyte Count ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Migrating Birds ◽  
Immunological Condition

Abstract Migratory birds are exposed to a diverse pathogen fauna by virtue of their long-distance travels. Although the immune system is an organism's primary defense against pathogenic microorganisms, few studies have investigated avian immune function during migration, much less shown seasonal differences in immune function. We describe the immunological condition of three intercontinental migratory species, Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Veery (C. fuscescens), and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) during spring migration. In addition, we compare their immunological condition with conspecifics captured during fall migration and during the breeding season to provide a frame of reference for the spring immunological data. Measures of immunological condition presented include total leukocyte count, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, heterophil and lymphocyte counts, hematocrit, and IgG titers. In addition, we assessed each bird's energetic condition by measuring body mass and calculating a size-corrected condition index. Migrating birds had lower leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, lower hematocrit, reduced fat stores, and higher H:L ratios relative to nonmigrating individuals sampled during the breeding season. We also found that birds sampled during spring migration had lower lymphocyte counts and reduced fat stores, and higher heterophil counts and H:L ratios than fall migrants. Our results suggest that migrating birds are immunocompromised compared with conspecifics during the breeding season. Furthermore, compared with conspecifics sampled after a shorter overland flight, migrants sampled after crossing the Gulf of Mexico exhibited higher H:L ratios, which is indicative of heightened energetic stress.

scholarly journals Interval Hypoxic Training Enhances Athletic Performance and Does Not Adversely Affect Immune Function in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934
Author(s):  
Won-Sang Jung ◽  
Sung-Woo Kim ◽  
Hun-Young Park
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hypoxic Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hemodynamic Function

This study evaluated the effects of intermittent interval training in hypoxic conditions for six weeks compared with normoxic conditions, on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, immune function, and athletic performance in middle- and long-distance runners. Twenty athletes were divided into normoxic training (normoxic training group (NTG); n = 10; residing and training at sea level) and hypoxic training (hypoxic training group (HTG); n = 10; residing at sea level but training in 526-mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All dependent variables were measured before, and after, training. The training frequency was 90 min, 3 d per week for six weeks. Body composition showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the HTG showed more significantly improved athletic performance (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake). The hemodynamic function (e.g., oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and cardiac output) during submaximal exercise and ANS function (e.g., standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low/high frequency) improved more in the HTG. Immune function parameters were stable within the normal range before and after training in both groups. Therefore, hypoxic training was more effective in enhancing athletic performance, and improving hemodynamic and ANS function; further, it did not adversely affect immune function in competitive runners.

scholarly journals The Research on the Effect of the Food with Different Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load on the Immunity of Endurance Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-309
Author(s):  
Dongmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Exercise Tolerance ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Endurance Tests

For studying the effect of eating the food containing carbohydrates with different glycaemic index and glycaemic load 2 hours before athletics on the exercise tolerance and immune function, select 10 men long-distance endurance athletes, use not completely random balance repeated testing methods, randomized complete the three endurance tests. And each test interval is not less than seven days. The results suggest that there is no apparent effect of eating the food containing carbohydrates with different glycaemic index and glycaemic load 2 hours before athletics on the exercise tolerance and immune function. Compared with the glycaemic index and glycaemic load of food, the carbohydrate content of the diet before athletics may be the more important factor affecting the immune response in endurance sports.

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