scholarly journals Comprehension of functional support by enculturated chimpanzees Pan troglodytes

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Yocom ◽  
Sarah T. Boysen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Folk Physics ◽  
Causal Understanding ◽  
Support Relationships ◽  
Active Exploration ◽  
Functional Support

Abstract Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chimpanzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli & colleagues (2000) for tool tasks by laboratory chimpanzees. The present set of experiments tested nine enculturated chimpanzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli (2000), during which food rewards were presented in different experimental configurations. In Experiment 1, stimulus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right corner or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a corner, with the second pair comprised of a cloth with food on the upper right corner, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experiment 1. In a second study, the experimental choices included one of two possible correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containment. All nine chimpanzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experiment 3, four unique conditions were presented, combining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group performance on individual conditions was also significant. Superior performance was demonstrated by female subjects in Experiment 3, similar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chimpanzees and some tool tasks in captive chimpanzees. The present results for Experiments 2 & 3 were significantly differed from those reported by Povinelli et al. (2000) for laboratory-born, peer-reared chimpanzees. One contribution towards the dramatic differences between the two study populations may be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chimpanzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturation, rich social interactions with humans and conspecifics, as well as active exploration of artifacts, materials, and other aspects of their physical environment had a significant impact on the animals’ ability to recognize the support relationships among the stimulus choices. Overall, the present findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that our chimpanzee subjects based their responses on an understanding of functional support which represented one facet of their folk physics repertoire.

scholarly journals A computational model of task allocation in social insects – ecology and interactions alone can drive specialisation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Bernd Meyer ◽  
Julian García
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Task Allocation ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Performance Counter ◽  
Ecological Success

AbstractSocial insect colonies are capable of allocating their workforce in a decentralised fashion; addressing a variety of tasks and responding effectively to changes in the environment. This process is fundamental to their ecological success, but the mechanisms behind it remain poorly understood. While most models focus on internal and individual factors, empirical evidence highlights the importance of ecology and social interactions. To address this gap we propose a game theoretical model of task allocation. Individuals are characterised by a trait that determines how they split their energy between two prototypical tasks: foraging and regulation. To be viable, a colony needs to learn to adequately allocate its workforce between these two tasks. We study two different processes: individuals can learn relying exclusively on their own experience, or by using the experiences of others via social learning. We find that social organisation can be determined by the ecology alone, irrespective of interaction details. Weakly specialised colonies in which all individuals tend to both tasks emerge when foraging is cheap; harsher environments, on the other hand, lead to strongly specialised colonies in which each individual fully engages in a single task. We compare the outcomes of self-organised task allocation with optimal group performance. Counter to intuition, strongly specialised colonies perform suboptimally, whereas the group performance of weakly specialised colonies is closer to optimal. Social interactions lead to important differences when the colony deals with dynamic environments. Colonies whose individuals rely on their own experience are more exible when dealing with change. Our computational model is aligned with mathematical predictions in tractable limits. This different kind of model is useful in framing relevant and important empirical questions, where ecology and interactions are key elements of hypotheses and predictions.

scholarly journals Chinese Language Feature Analysis Based on Multilayer Self-Organizing Neural Network and Data Mining Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiujin Yu ◽  
Shengfu Liu ◽  
Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Feature Recognition ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Self Organizing

As one of the oldest languages in the world, Chinese has a long cultural history and unique language charm. The multilayer self-organizing neural network and data mining techniques have been widely used and can achieve high-precision prediction in different fields. However, they are hardly applied to Chinese language feature analysis. In order to accurately analyze the characteristics of Chinese language, this paper uses the multilayer self-organizing neural network and the corresponding data mining technology for feature recognition and then compared it with other different types of neural network algorithms. The results show that the multilayer self-organizing neural network can make the accuracy, recall, and F1 score of feature recognition reach 68.69%, 80.21%, and 70.19%, respectively, when there are many samples. Under the influence of strong noise, it keeps high efficiency of feature analysis. This shows that the multilayer self-organizing neural network has superior performance and can provide strong support for Chinese language feature analysis.

scholarly journals Siderophore cooperation of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 20140934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adela M. Luján ◽  
Pedro Gómez ◽  
Angus Buckling
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Siderophore Production ◽  
Rare Advantage ◽  
Social Trait ◽  
Better Than

While social interactions play an important role for the evolution of bacterial siderophore production in vitro , the extent to which siderophore production is a social trait in natural populations is less clear. Here, we demonstrate that siderophores act as public goods in a natural physical environment of Pseudomonas fluorescens : soil-based compost. We show that monocultures of siderophore producers grow better than non-producers in soil, but non-producers can exploit others' siderophores, as shown by non-producers' ability to invade populations of producers when rare. Despite this rare advantage, non-producers were unable to outcompete producers, suggesting that producers and non-producers may stably coexist in soil. Such coexistence is predicted to arise from the spatial structure associated with soil, and this is supported by increased fitness of non-producers when grown in a shaken soil–water mix. Our results suggest that both producers and non-producers should be observed in soil, as has been observed in marine environments and in clinical populations.

When does it make sense to focus business portfolios? A study of business group responses to institutional change in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-480
Author(s):  
Kannan Ramaswamy ◽  
Saptarshi Purkayastha
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Performance Consequences ◽  
The Government

Purpose This paper aims to report the findings from a longitudinal study of Indian business groups responding to the pro-market reforms that the government had initiated. It explores their diversification choices at the group level and the group performance consequences of these choices during a period of institutional changes (1990-2008). Design/methodology/approach Ordinary least squares regressions were used to analyze data spanning the 1988-2008 study period for 98 Indian business groups. Findings Results show that business groups that focused their portfolios in the early stages of institutional reforms tended to perform worse than their counterparts that did not do so. However, as market reforms became more established, business groups that made the transition from an unfocused to a more focused portfolio experienced superior performance consequences. Originality/value The findings underscore the temporal dimension of focusing and suggest that both changing strategy by refocusing business portfolio too early or waiting too long to refocus can hurt performance outcomes.

Effects of obesity, social interactions, and physical environment on physical activity in preschoolers.

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Klesges ◽  
Linda H. Eck ◽  
Cindy L. Hanson ◽  
C. Keith Haddock ◽  
Lisa M. Klesges
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Physical Environment

Attachment to the Physical Dimension of Places

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1177-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Hidalgo ◽  
Bernardo Hernández
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Strong Emphasis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Previous Contact

Social relationships had been important in explanation and prediction of attachment to places. Although some have asserted the importance of physical aspects of the environment in the formation of attachment ties to a place, the social environment is required for the formation of bonds to a place, although strong emphasis on the social aspect has been questioned and the importance of the physical environment noted. The present objective in two studies was to test whether college students ( ns = 30 and 27) show a preference for a place they know, independently of the social interactions developed in them. Results confirmed the hypothesis, i.e., after a very brief stay in a certain place with nobody else there, these college students preferred that place to another with which they had not had previous contact.

scholarly journals Champ or Chump?: Challenge and Threat States During Pressurized Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee J. Moore ◽  
Mark R. Wilson ◽  
Samuel J. Vine ◽  
Adam H. Coussens ◽  
Paul Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Golf Putting ◽  
Quiet Eye ◽  
Challenge And Threat ◽  
Conscious Processing ◽  
Challenge Group

The present research examined the immediate impact of challenge and threat states on golf performance in both real competition and a laboratory-based task. In Study 1, 199 experienced golfers reported their evaluations of competition demands and personal coping resources before a golf competition. Evaluating the competition as a challenge (i.e., sufficient resources to cope with demands) was associated with superior performance. In Study 2, 60 experienced golfers randomly received challenge or threat manipulation instructions and then performed a competitive golf-putting task. Challenge and threat states were successfully manipulated and the challenge group outperformed the threat group. Furthermore, the challenge group reported less anxiety, more facilitative interpretations of anxiety, less conscious processing, and displayed longer quiet eye durations. However, these variables failed to mediate the group–performance relationship. These studies demonstrate the importance of considering preperformance psychophysiological states when examining the influence of competitive pressure on motor performance.

scholarly journals The effect of social class on agency and communion: Reconciling rank-based and identity-based perspectives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lisa Aydin ◽  
Johannes Ullrich ◽  
Birte Siem ◽  
Kenneth D Locke ◽  
Nurit Shnabel
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
High Class ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Imagined Interactions

How does social class affect people’s goals in social interactions? A rank-based perspective suggests actorsfrom higher social classes (compared to lower social classes) have more agentic and less communal goals when interacting with same-class or unspecified others. Focusing on targets’social class, an identity-based perspective suggests the reverse: Actors should more strongly endorse communal (agentic) goals towards illegitimately lower-class (higher-class) compared to higher-class (lower-class) targets, regardless of actors’ own social class. Three preregistered experiments (N= 2,023) manipulated actor’s social class and the nature of the target (illegitimately higher/lower class, same class, unspecified), and measured participants’ goals in imagined interactions using the Circumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals. The identity-based perspective received strong support: Across studies, actors expressed stronger agentic (communal) goals towards higher-class (lower-class) targets. The rank-based perspective received limited support, with relatively low (vs. high) class actors expressing stronger communal goals towards same-class targets.

scholarly journals Social cues can push amphibious fish to their thermal limits

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 20180492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Currie ◽  
Glenn J. Tattersall
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Critical Thermal Maximum ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Kryptolebias Marmoratus ◽  
Mangrove Rivulus

Social context can impact how animals respond to changes in their physical environment. We used an aggressive, amphibious fish, the mangrove rivulus ( Kryptolebias marmoratus ) with environmentally determined sociality to test the hypothesis that social interactions would push fish to their thermal limits. We capitalized on the propensity of rivulus to emerge from warming water and demonstrated that social stimuli, produced by their reflection, increased emersion threshold without changing the critical thermal maximum, effectively diminishing thermal safety margins. When rivulus were denied air access, surface behaviours dramatically increased, supplanting social interactions. This suggests that assessing the terrestrial environment is crucially important. We conclude that social stimulation narrows the scope for survival in naturally stressful conditions.

scholarly journals Incorporating Physical Environment-Related Factors in an Assessment of Community Attachment: Understanding Urban Park Contributions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Xu ◽  
David Matarrita-Cascante ◽  
Jae Ho Lee ◽  
A.E. Luloff
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Community Attachment ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sociological Studies

Community sociologists have examined community attachment through an almost exclusive focus on people’s social relations. Recent research efforts have noted the neglect of the physical place in traditional community sociological studies. Doing this has brought the physical environment into their discussions of community attachment. Despite this progress, we remain limited in our understanding of the physical environment’s contribution to peoples’ attachment to their communities and whether its effect on community attachment is applicable in the context of urban settings. In an effort to expand our knowledge of this topic, this study explored the contributions of the urban physical environment on community attachment. By selecting the Discovery Green Park as a typical form of physical environment in Houston, Texas, this study sought to investigate how people’s levels of community attachment could be predicted by: (1) peoples’ interactions with an urban park; (2) people’s emotional connections with such a park; and (3) peoples’ social interactions with others within the park. After conducting a series of block model regression analyses, we found that community attachment was not completely defined by social factors, but also depended upon peoples’ emotional connections with the local physical environment and the social interactions happening in those settings.

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