scholarly journals Pattern of nucleotide substitutions in growth hormone-prolactin gene family: a paradigm for evolution by gene duplication.

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 1271-1276
Author(s):  
T Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
High Rate ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Nonsynonymous Substitutions ◽  
Prolactin Gene

Abstract The growth hormone-prolactin gene family in mammals is an interesting example of evolution by gene duplication. Divergence among members of duplicated gene families and among species was examined by using reported gene sequences of growth hormone, prolactin and their receptors. Sequence divergence among species was found to show a general tendency in which a generation-time effect is pronounced for synonymous substitutions but not so for nonsynonymous substitutions. Divergence among duplicated genes is characterized by the relatively high rate of nonsynonymous substitutions, i.e., the rate is close to that of synonymous ones. In view of the stage- and tissue-specific expression of duplicated genes, some of the amino acid substitutions among duplicated genes is likely to be caused by positive Darwinian selection.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the OPR Gene Family in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Mou ◽  
Yuanyuan Liu ◽  
Shujun Tian ◽  
Qiping Guo ◽  
Chengshe Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
Old Yellow Enzyme ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Protein Motifs

The 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs), which belong to the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family, are flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent oxidoreductases with critical functions in plants. Despite the clear characteristics of growth and development, as well as the defense responses in Arabidopsis, tomato, rice, and maize, the potential roles of OPRs in wheat are not fully understood. Here, forty-eight putative OPR genes were found and classified into five subfamilies, with 6 in sub. I, 4 in sub. II, 33 in sub. III, 3 in sub. IV, and 2 in sub. V. Similar gene structures and conserved protein motifs of TaOPRs in wheat were identified in the same subfamilies. An analysis of cis-acting elements in promoters revealed that the functions of OPRs in wheat were mostly related to growth, development, hormones, biotic, and abiotic stresses. A total of 14 wheat OPR genes were identified as tandem duplicated genes, while 37 OPR genes were segmentally duplicated genes. The expression patterns of TaOPRs were tissue- and stress-specific, and the expression of TaOPRs could be regulated or induced by phytohormones and various stresses. Therefore, there were multiple wheat OPR genes, classified into five subfamilies, with functional diversification and specific expression patterns, and to our knowledge, this was the first study to systematically investigate the wheat OPR gene family. The findings not only provide a scientific foundation for the comprehensive understanding of the wheat OPR gene family, but could also be helpful for screening more candidate genes and breeding new varieties of wheat, with a high yield and stress resistance.

scholarly journals The growth hormone/prolactin gene family in ruminant placentae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Raeside ◽  
H. L. Christie ◽  
R. L. Renaud ◽  
P. A. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Prolactin Gene

scholarly journals Comparable Rates of Gene Loss and Functional Divergence After Genome Duplications Early in Vertebrate Evolution

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 1259-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H Nadeau ◽  
David Sankoff
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vertebrate Evolution ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Genome Duplications

Duplicated genes are an important source of new protein functions and novel developmental and physiological pathways. Whereas most models for fate of duplicated genes show that they tend to be rapidly lost, models for pathway evolution suggest that many duplicated genes rapidly acquire novel functions. Little empirical evidence is available, however, for the relative rates of gene loss vs. divergence to help resolve these contradictory expectations. Gene families resulting from genome duplications provide an opportunity to address this apparent contradiction. With genome duplication, the number of duplicated genes in a gene family is at most 2n, where n is the number of duplications. The size of each gene family, e.g., 1, 2, 3,..., 2n, reflects the patterns of gene loss vs. functional divergence after duplication. We focused on gene families in humans and mice that arose from genome duplications in early vertebrate evolution and we analyzed the frequency distribution of gene family size, i.e., the number of families with two, three or four members. All the models that we evaluated showed that duplicated genes are almost as likely to acquire a new and essential function as to be lost through acquisition of mutations that compromise protein function. An explanation for the unexpectedly high rate of functional divergence is that duplication allows genes to accumulate more neutral than disadvantageous mutations, thereby providing more opportunities to acquire diversified functions and pathways.

scholarly journals Lineage-level divergence of copepod glycerol transporters and the emergence of isoform-specific trafficking regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Catalán-García ◽  
François Chauvigné ◽  
Jon Anders Stavang ◽  
Frank Nilsen ◽  
Joan Cerdà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Splice Variation ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractTransmembrane conductance of small uncharged solutes such as glycerol typically occurs through aquaglyceroporins (Glps), which are commonly encoded by multiple genes in metazoan organisms. To date, however, little is known concerning the evolution of Glps in Crustacea or what forces might underly such apparent gene redundancy. Here, we show that Glp evolution in Crustacea is highly divergent, ranging from single copy genes in species of pedunculate barnacles, tadpole shrimps, isopods, amphipods and decapods to up to 10 copies in diplostracan water fleas although with monophyletic origins in each lineage. By contrast the evolution of Glps in Copepoda appears to be polyphyletic, with surprisingly high rates of gene duplication occurring in a genera- and species-specific manner. Based upon functional experiments on the Glps from a parasitic copepod (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), we show that such lineage-level gene duplication and splice variation is coupled with a high rate of neofunctionalization. In the case of L. salmonis, splice variation of a given gene resulted in tissue- or sex-specific expression of the channels, with each variant evolving unique sites for protein kinase C (PKC)- or protein kinase A (PKA)-regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking. The combined data sets thus reveal that mutations favouring a high fidelity control of intracellular trafficking regulation can be a selection force for the evolution and retention of multiple Glps in copepods.

scholarly journals The growth hormone/prolactin gene family in ruminant placentae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Anthony ◽  
R Liang ◽  
EP Kayl ◽  
SL Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Prolactin Gene

scholarly journals Lineage-level Divergence of Copepod Glycerol Transporters and the Emergence of Isoform-specific Trafficking Regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Catalán-García ◽  
Francois Chauvigne ◽  
Jon Anders Stavang ◽  
Frank Nilsen ◽  
Joan Cerda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Gene Redundancy ◽  
Splice Variation ◽  
Selection Force ◽  
Tadpole Shrimps

Abstract Transmembrane conductance of glycerol is typically facilitated by aquaglyceroporins (Glps), which are commonly encoded by multiple genes in metazoan organisms. To date, however, little is known concerning the evolution of Glps in Crustacea or what forces might underly such gene redundancy. Here we show that Glp evolution in Crustacea is highly divergent, ranging from single copy genes in species of tadpole shrimps, isopods, amphipods and decapods to up to 10 copies in diplostracan water fleas although with monophyletic origins in each lineage. By contrast Glp evolution in Copepoda appears to be polyphyletic, with high rates of gene duplication occurring in a genera- and species-specifc manner. Based upon functional experiments on the Glps from a parasitic copepod (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), we show that such lineage-level gene duplication and splice variation is coupled with a high rate of neofunctionalization. For L. salmonis, splice variation of a given gene resulted in tissue- or sex-specific expression of the channels, with each variant evolving unique sites for PKC or PKA regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking. The data thus reveal that mutations favouring a high fidelity control of intracellular trafficking regulation can be a selection force for the evolution and retention of multiple Glps in copepods.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of the ribonuclease T2 family in Eucommia ulmoides

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Qing ◽  
Qingxin Du ◽  
Yide Meng ◽  
Panfeng Liu ◽  
Hongyan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Eucommia Ulmoides ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Rnase T2

AbstractThe 2′,3′-cycling ribonuclease (RNase) genes are catalysts of RNA cleavage and include the RNase T2 gene family. RNase T2 genes perform important roles in plants and have been conserved in the genome of eukaryotic organisms. In this study we identified 21 EURNS genes in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) and analyzed their structure, chromosomal location, phylogenetic tree, gene duplication, stress-related cis-elements, and expression patterns in different tissues. The length of 21 predicted EURNS proteins ranged from 143 to 374 amino acids (aa), their molecular weight (MW) ranged from 16.21 to 42.38 kDa, and their isoelectric point (PI) value ranged from 5.08 to 9.09. Two classifications (class I and class III) were obtained from the conserved domains analysis and phylogenetic tree. EURNS proteins contained a total of 15 motifs. Motif 1, motif 2, motif 3, and motif 7 were distributed in multiple sequences and were similar to the conserved domain of RNase T2. EURNS genes with similar structure and the predicted EURNS proteins with conserved motif compositions are in the same group in the phylogenetic tree. The results of RT-PCR and transcription data showed that EURNS genes have tissue-specific expression and exhibited obvious trends in different developmental stages. Gene duplication analysis results indicated that segment duplication may be the dominant duplication mode in this gene family. This study provides a theoretical basis for research on the RNase T2 gene family and lays a foundation for the further study of EURNS genes.

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