scholarly journals EVIDENCE THAT TWO LOCI PREDOMINANTLY DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE HIGH PRESSURE NEUROLOGIC SYNDROME TYPE I SEIZURE IN MICE

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-307
Author(s):  
R D McCall ◽  
D Frierson
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Seizure Threshold ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Compression Rate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Major Locus ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Most mammals tested, when exposed to increasing pressure in helium/oxygen atmospheres, exhibit progressive motor disturbances culminating in two, usually successive, well-differentiated convulsive seizures. The seizures are highly reproducible components of the constellation of events that collectively constitute the High Pressure Neurologic Syndrome (HPNS). In the present study, we present evidence that the mean difference in seizure threshold pressures of the first seizure to occur (HPNS Type I) between inbred mouse strains DBA/2J and C57BL/6J is predominantly determined (> 60%) by the expression of a major locus—possibly linked to the H-2 locus on chromosome 17—and a minor locus, probably unlinked. This outcome is derived from applications of the maximum likelihood modeling procedure of Elston and Stewart (1973) and Stewart and Elston (1973) to eleven models of genetic determinacy and tests (including breeding tests) of "preferred" models so derived using BXD recombinant inbred strains that show the following: The major locus exhibits conditional dominance characteristics depending upon compression rate and minor locus genotype. At a constant mean compression rate of 100 atm hr-1, the major locus manifests strong, though incomplete, dominance apparently independent of minor locus genotype. Its expression is, however, highly sensitive to compression rate, losing its dominance altogether at a linear rate of 1,000 atm hr-1. The major locus interacts with the weakly dominant and relatively compression-rate-insensitive minor locus to retain dominance at fast compression only when the dominant alleles of both loci are present. A principal finding of this study is that employing two compression rates permits fuller genetic characterization of murine high-pressure seizure susceptibility differences than could be achieved by use of a single compression rate.

scholarly journals X-inactivation of the Sts locus in the mouse: an anomaly of the dosage compensation mechanism

1989 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Jones ◽  
Josephine Peters ◽  
Carol Rasberry ◽  
Bruce M. Cattanach
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Linkage Data ◽  
Compensation Mechanism ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Inactivation Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Strains

SummaryThe behaviour of the X- and Y-borne Sts locus has been studied in male and female mice. There was considerable heterogeneity in STS activity between inbred mouse strains, with a four fold difference in activity between the highest (101/H) and lowest (Ju/Ct) activity strains, which can be interpreted in terms of allelic differences. In all inbred strains male STS levels were higher than those of female STS levels and in the majority of strains tested male STS levels were nearly twice as high as female levels. Reciprocal crosses between C3H/HeH and the STS-deficient substrain, C3H/An, demonstrated that activities of the X- and Y-borne genes in males are essentially the same and this suggested that the lower STS level in females derives from X-inactivation of the locus. The possibility that hormonal differences could instead be responsible for the lower activity in females was ruled out by the findings that (a) castration of males did not reduce their STS levels and (b) sex-reversed males, X / X Sxr, had STS levels typical of females. Final proof that the mouse Sts locus can be subject to the X-inactivation process was provided by the observation that XX females had STS levels that were only slightly (20%) higher than those of XO females. The difference may indicate incomplete inactivation of the locus. Linkage data verifying the location of Sts on the distal end of the X chromosome are provided.In total, the results of this study show that the murine Sts locus can be subject to the X-inactivation process and this, together with the existence of functional loci of near-equal activities on the X and Y chromosomes, results in an imbalance of STS levels between the sexes. X-inactivation does not therefore serve as a dosage compensation mechanism for the Sts locus in the mouse. All of these findings were made in C3H/HeH mice or in animals carrying C3H/HeH functional Sts alleles, and it is pointed out that the diverse results previously obtained by other investigators may be attributable to their use of different strains and crosses between strains but could also be complicated by technical factors.

scholarly journals Polymorphism of Unique Noncoding DNA Sequences in Wild and Laboratory Mice

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Felipe Figueroa ◽  
Masanori Kasahara ◽  
Herbert Tichy ◽  
Esther Neufeld ◽  
Uzi Ritte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Noncoding Dna ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
T Complex

ABSTRACT Two DNA probes, D17Tul and D17Tu2, were isolated from a genomic DNA library containing only two mouse chromosomes, one of which is chromosome 17, carrying the major histocompatibility complex (H-2), as well as the t complex genes. The D17Tul probe was mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 17 and the D17Tu2 probe to the S region of the H-2 complex. Neither of the two probes appeared to detect any genes, but both contained unique, nonrepetitive sequences. Typing of DNA obtained from a large panel of mice revealed the presence of four D17Tul patterns in inbred mouse strains, one very common, one less common, and two present in one strain each. The two common patterns could not be detected in appreciable frequencies in the European wild mice tested (one of the two patterns was, however, found in Australian wild mice). Conversely, the patterns found frequently in European wild mice are absent in the laboratory mice. We therefore conclude that wild mice from the sampled regions of Europe could not have provided the ancestral stocks from which inbred strains were derived. Only one D17Tul pattern was found in all the populations of Mus musculus tested, while eight patterns were found in Mus domesticus, with virtually all the populations being polymorphic. We suggest that this difference reflects different modes in which the two species colonized Europe. The distribution of the D17Tu2 patterns in inbred strains correlates with the distribution of H-2 haplotypes.

scholarly journals Genetic Control of Mammalian Meiotic Recombination. I. Variation in Exchange Frequencies Among Males From Inbred Mouse Strains

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara E Koehler ◽  
Jonathan P Cherry ◽  
Audrey Lynn ◽  
Patricia A Hunt ◽  
Terry J Hassold
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Male Meiosis ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Genetic Background Effects ◽  
Exchange Patterns ◽  
Positive Interference

AbstractGenetic background effects on the frequency of meiotic recombination have long been suspected in mice but never demonstrated in a systematic manner, especially in inbred strains. We used a recently described immunostaining technique to assess meiotic exchange patterns in male mice. We found that among four different inbred strains—CAST/Ei, A/J, C57BL/6, and SPRET/Ei—the mean number of meiotic exchanges per cell and, thus, the recombination rates in these genetic backgrounds were significantly different. These frequencies ranged from a low of 21.5 exchanges in CAST/Ei to a high of 24.9 in SPRET/Ei. We also found that, as expected, these crossover events were nonrandomly distributed and displayed positive interference. However, we found no evidence for significant differences in the patterns of crossover positioning between strains with different exchange frequencies. From our observations of >10,000 autosomal synaptonemal complexes, we conclude that achiasmate bivalents arise in the male mouse at a frequency of 0.1%. Thus, special mechanisms that segregate achiasmate chromosomes are unlikely to be an important component of mammalian male meiosis.

Type I and type II error rates for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies using recombinant inbred mouse strains

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Belknap ◽  
S. R. Mitchell ◽  
L. A. O'Toole ◽  
M. L. Helms ◽  
J. C. Crabbe
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Type I ◽  
Inbred Mouse Strains ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Mouse

scholarly journals Influence of genetic background on ex vivo and in vivo cardiac function in several commonly used inbred mouse strains

2010 ◽  
Vol 42A (2) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Barnabei ◽  
Nathan J. Palpant ◽  
Joseph M. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Inbred Mouse Strains ◽  
Cardiac Decompensation

Inbred mouse strains play a critical role in biomedical research. Genetic homogeneity within inbred strains and their general amenability to genetic manipulation have made them an ideal resource for dissecting the physiological function(s) of individual genes. However, the inbreeding that makes inbred mice so useful also results in genetic divergence between them. This genetic divergence is often unaccounted for but may be a confounding factor when comparing studies that have utilized distinct inbred strains. Here, we compared the cardiac function of C57BL/6J mice to seven other commonly used inbred mouse strains: FVB/NJ, DBA/2J, C3H/HeJ, BALB/cJ, 129X1/SvJ, C57BL/10SnJ, and 129S1/SvImJ. The assays used to compare cardiac function were the ex vivo isolated Langendorff heart preparation and in vivo real-time hemodynamic analysis using conductance micromanometry. We report significant strain-dependent differences in cardiac function between C57BL/6J and other commonly used inbred strains. C57BL/6J maintained better cardiac function than most inbred strains after ex vivo ischemia, particularly compared with 129S1/SvImJ, 129X1/SvJ, and C57BL/10SnJ strains. However, during in vivo acute hypoxia 129X1/SvJ and 129S1/SvImJ maintained relatively normal cardiac function, whereas C57BL/6J animals showed dramatic cardiac decompensation. Additionally, C3H/HeJ showed rapid and marked cardiac decompensation in response to esmolol infusion compared with effects of other strains. These findings demonstrate the complex effects of genetic divergence between inbred strains on cardiac function. These results may help inform analysis of gene ablation or transgenic studies and further demonstrate specific quantitative traits that could be useful in discovery of genetic modifiers relevant to cardiac health and disease.

scholarly journals Mouse Susceptibility to Anthrax Lethal Toxin Is Influenced by Genetic Factors in Addition to Those Controlling Macrophage Sensitivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 4439-4447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahtab Moayeri ◽  
Nathaniel W. Martinez ◽  
Jason Wiggins ◽  
Howard A. Young ◽  
Stephen H. Leppla
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Lethal Toxin ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Anthrax Lethal Toxin ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽  
Oxide Synthase

ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT) produces symptoms of anthrax in mice and induces rapid lysis of macrophages (Mφ) derived from certain inbred strains. We used nine inbred strains and two inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout C57BL/6J strains polymorphic for the LT Mφ sensitivity Kif1C locus to analyze the role of Mφ sensitivity (to lysis) in LT-mediated cytokine responses and lethality. LT-mediated induction of cytokines KC, MCP-1/JE, MIP-2, eotaxin, and interleukin-1β occurred only in mice having LT-sensitive Mφ. However, while iNOS knockout C57BL/6J mice having LT-sensitive Mφ were much more susceptible to LT than the knockout mice with LT-resistant Mφ, a comparison of susceptibilities to LT in the larger set of inbred mouse strains showed a lack of correlation between Mφ sensitivity and animal susceptibility to toxin. For example, C3H/HeJ mice, harboring LT-sensitive Mφ and having the associated LT-mediated cytokine response, were more resistant than mice with LT-resistant Mφ and no cytokine burst. Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4)-deficient, lipopolysaccharide-nonresponsive mice were not more resistant to LT. We also found that CAST/Ei mice are uniquely sensitive to LT and may provide an economical bioassay for toxin-directed therapeutics. The data indicate that while the cytokine response to LT in mice requires Mφ lysis and while Mφ sensitivity in the C57BL/6J background is sufficient for BALB/cJ-like mortality of that strain, the contribution of Mφ sensitivity and cytokine response to animal susceptibility to LT differs among other inbred strains. Thus, LT-mediated lethality in mice is influenced by genetic factors in addition to those controlling Mφ lysis and cytokine response and is independent of Tlr4 function.

scholarly journals Large-scale, high-throughput screening for coagulation and hematologic phenotypes in mice*

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luanne L. Peters ◽  
Eleanor M. Cheever ◽  
Heather R. Ellis ◽  
Phyllis A. Magnani ◽  
Karen L. Svenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Multiple Tests

The Mouse Phenome Project is an international effort to systematically gather phenotypic data for a defined set of inbred mouse strains. For such large-scale projects the development of high-throughput screening protocols that allow multiple tests to be performed on a single mouse is essential. Here we report hematologic and coagulation data for more than 30 inbred strains. Complete blood counts were performed using an Advia 120 analyzer. For coagulation testing, we successfully adapted the Dade Behring BCS automated coagulation analyzer for use in mice by lowering sample and reagent volume requirements. Seven automated assay procedures were developed. Small sample volume requirements make it possible to perform multiple tests on a single animal without euthanasia, while reductions in reagent volume requirements reduce costs. The data show that considerable variation in many basic hematological and coagulation parameters exists among the inbred strains. These data, freely available on the World Wide Web, allow investigators to knowledgeably select the most appropriate strain(s) to meet their individual study designs and goals.

scholarly journals Hydronephrosis in inbred strains of mice with particular reference to the BRVR strain

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Taylor ◽  
H. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Inbred Mouse Strains ◽  
Concomitant Infection ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Dietary Variation

Hydronephrosis occurred in 6 of the 13 inbred mouse strains maintained in the same colony. Its incidence was high only in the BRVR strain, where about half of the cases could only be detected microscopically. There was no concomitant infection even in severely abnormal BRVR kidneys and the incidence of the condition was not influenced by dietary variation. The hydronephrosis found, less frequently, in 5 of the other strains was of a different type from that in BRVR mice.

scholarly journals A GENETIC STUDY OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN MICE INFECTED WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara J. Lynch ◽  
Cynthia H. Pierce-Chase ◽  
Rene Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parental Level

A study has been made of the genetic aspects of the difference between two inbred strains of mice (C57B1/6 and Swiss) in response to experimental infection with mammalian tubercle bacilli. Males and females, 4 to 6 weeks of age were inoculated intravenously with 0.2 ml of a 1/50 culture dilution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (Vallée strain) grown in tween albumin medium. Mean survival time for C57B1 animals was 28.1 ± 0.6 days and for Swiss, 55.3 ± 0.6 days postinfection. The characteristic survival time of the two strains was reversed in mice receiving a smaller infective dose. The age of mice at the time of inoculation also affected the results of infection: both C57B1 and Swiss, inoculated at 12 months of age, died at the same rate, but when inoculated at older ages, C57B1 survived slightly longer. Bacteriologic studies demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the two mouse strains with regard to the numbers of viable units of tubercle bacilli recovered from various organs during the 2 week period following infection with a 10–3 culture dilution of Vallée. Moreover, the standard infective inoculum (1/50 culture dilution) did not activate corynebacterial pseudotuberculosis in C57B1 mice, a strain known to be latently infected with Corynebacterium kutscheri, rapid multiplication of tubercle bacilli occurred, but no corynebacteria were recovered. When C57B1 and Swiss strains were crossed, survival tests after infection with the standard inoculum demonstrated that mice of the F1 generation were more resistant than either parent. Whether the overdominance was due to a new combination of parental genes for resistance or to heterosis was not determined. The increased litter size of the F1 mice, an evidence of increased vigor, supports the view that heterosis was involved. In backcrosses to the resistant strain (Swiss), survival time gradually became stabilized at approximately the parental level. In the 1st backcross to the susceptible strain (C57B1), survival times fell into two classes indicating segregation of genes, with perhaps dominance of genes from the Swiss. After repeated backcrosses to C57B1, mice of the 4th backcross generation had a survival time essentially the same as that of the original parental strain. On the basis of having obtained progeny characterized by the original parental susceptibilities after genetic tendencies had been intermingled by crossbreeding, it was concluded that hereditary factors influenced the response of mice to experimental infection with M. tuberculosis. The number of genes was not determined.

scholarly journals KIDNEY ESTERASES OF THE MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS): ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF INBRED LINES C57BL/6J, RF/J AND SJL/J

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK H. RUDDLE
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Starch Gel

The water soluble esterases extracted from the kidney tissue of three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, RF/J and SJL/J) are described. The analysis of the esterases was performed by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Between 25 and 30 esterase active sites (bands) were identified. A description and a classification are given for these esterases. Classification is based on relative electrophoretic mobilities and pharmacological properties of the esterases. Esterase polymorphisms are described between the three inbred strains studied. Esterase sexumal dimorphisms are also reported for these strains. Finally, information is given regarding the contribution ( i.e., contamination) of serum esterases to the kidney esterase patterns.

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