scholarly journals The relative impact of evolving pleiotropy and mutational correlation on trait divergence

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobran Chebib ◽  
Frédéric Guillaume
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Divergent Selection ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Trait Divergence

Abstract Both pleiotropic connectivity and mutational correlations can restrict the decoupling of traits under divergent selection, but it is unknown which is more important in trait evolution. To address this question, we create a model that permits within-population variation in both pleiotropic connectivity and mutational correlation, and compare their relative importance to trait evolution. Specifically, we developed an individual-based stochastic model where mutations can affect whether a locus affects a trait and the extent of mutational correlations in a population. We find that traits can decouple whether there is evolution in pleiotropic connectivity or mutational correlation, but when both can evolve, then evolution in pleiotropic connectivity is more likely to allow for decoupling to occur. The most common genotype found in this case is characterized by having one locus that maintains connectivity to all traits and another that loses connectivity to the traits under stabilizing selection (subfunctionalization). This genotype is favored because it allows the subfunctionalized locus to accumulate greater effect size alleles, contributing to increasingly divergent trait values in the traits under divergent selection without changing the trait values of the other traits (genetic modularization). These results provide evidence that partial subfunctionalization of pleiotropic loci may be a common mechanism of trait decoupling under regimes of corridor selection.

scholarly journals The relative impact of evolving pleiotropy and mutational correlation on trait divergence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobran Chebib ◽  
Frédéric Guillaume
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Trait Divergence

AbstractBoth pleiotropic connectivity and mutational correlations can restrict the divergence of traits under directional selection, but it is unknown which is more important in trait evolution. In order to address this question, we create a model that permits within-population variation in both pleiotropic connectivity and mutational correlation, and compare their relative importance to trait evolution. Specifically, we developed an individual-based, stochastic model where mutations can affect whether a locus affects a trait and the extent of mutational correlations in a population. We find that traits can diverge whether there is evolution in pleiotropic connectivity or mutational correlation but when both can evolve then evolution in pleiotropic connectivity is more likely to allow for divergence to occur. The most common genotype found in this case is characterized by having one locus that maintains connectivity to all traits and another that loses connectivity to the traits under stabilizing selection (subfunctionalization). This genotype is favoured because it allows the subfunctionalized locus to accumulate greater effect size alleles, contributing to increasingly divergent trait values in the traits under directional selection without changing the trait values of the other traits (genetic modularization). These results provide evidence that partial subfunctionalization of pleiotropic loci may be a common mechanism of trait divergence under regimes of corridor selection.

Exploration of Product Centric Factors in Telecom Industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Ganeti ◽  
Rajat Agarwal ◽  
Murali Krishna Medudula ◽  
Mahim Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Telecom Service ◽  
Telecom Industry

Telecom industry is one of those industries which has changed dramatically during the past decade. With more and more players entering in this industry, competition is ever increasing. The war between these players is slowly shifting from the price to the augmentation. This paper aims at exploring such factors which influence a customers preference of one telecom service provider (TSP) over the other. It is a descriptive research where study has been conducted among the consumers of different telecom service providers (TSPs). By reviewing the existing literature in this domain, we explored different factors which affect the consumers decision to prefer one telecom service provider over the other. A consumer targeted questionnaire was designed where consumers were asked about the factors they consider (with their relative importance quantified using Likert scale), before buying a new network connection to know the relative importance of the various factors. Factor Analysis was performed to club various variables into distinct factors. Statistical techniques then helped in identifying the relative importance. From the Factor Loading matrix the following five factors were generated:- Overall service quality, Point of Purchase Differentiator, Promotion Measures, Tariff Plans and Size of the Network. Further study in the behavioural perceptions of consumer shows that the most important factor in influencing the customer buying behavior is Service Quality. The second most important factor is cost and various plans offered by the telecom service provider. Network connectivity was considered by almost all the respondents and consumers prefer the largest network player. The study also found that promotional measures dont influence the customers as expected.

scholarly journals Contributions of source population and incubation temperature to phenotypic variation of hatchling Chinese skinks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Liang Lu ◽  
Yan-Fu Qu ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Xiang Ji
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hatchling Size

Abstract Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation are viewed as the main factors that result in between-population variation in phenotypic traits, but contributions of these factors to phenotypic variation vary between traits and between species and have only been explored in a few species of reptiles. Here, we incubated eggs of the Chinese skink (Plestiodon chinensis) from 7 geographically separated populations in Southeast China at 3 constant temperatures (24, 28, and 32 °C) to evaluate the combined effects of clutch origin, source population, and incubation temperature on hatchling traits. The relative importance of these factors varied between traits. Nearly all examined hatchling traits, including body mass, snout–vent length (SVL), tail length, head size, limb length, tympanum diameter, and locomotor speed, varied among populations and were affected by incubation temperature. Measures for hatchling size (body mass and SVL) varied considerably among clutches. Source population explained much of the variation in hatchling body mass, whereas incubation temperature explained much of the variation in other examined traits. Our results indicate that between-population variation in hatchling traits of P. chinensis likely reflects the difference in natural incubation conditions and genetic divergence.

scholarly journals Trophic Trait Evolution Explains Variation in Nutrient Excretion Stoichiometry among Panamanian Armored Catfishes (Loricariidae)

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Eric K. Moody ◽  
Fernando Alda ◽  
Krista A. Capps ◽  
Oscar Puebla ◽  
Benjamin L. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
Nutrient Mineralization ◽  
Excretion Rates

Variation in nutrient excretion rates and stoichiometric ratios (e.g., nitrogen to phosphorus) by consumers can have substantial effects on aquatic ecosystem function. While phylogenetic signals within an assemblage often explain variation in nutrient recycling rates and stoichiometry, the phylogenetically conserved traits that underlie this phenomenon remain unclear. In particular, variation in nutrient excretion stoichiometry across a phylogeny might be driven by phylogenetic patterns in either diet or body stoichiometry. We examined the relative importance of these traits in explaining variation in nutrient recycling rates and stoichiometry in a diverse family of Neotropical-armored catfishes, Loricariidae, in Panamanian streams. We found significant variation in nutrient mineralization traits among species and subfamilies, but variation in nutrient excretion stoichiometry among species was best explained by trophic position rather than body stoichiometry. The variation in trophic position among Panamanian species was consistent with variation in the trophic niche of their genera across South America, suggesting that phylogenetic patterns underpin the evolution of trophic and nutrient excretion traits among these species. Such geographical variation in nutrient mineralization patterns among closely related species may be common, given that trophic variation in fish lineages occurs widely. These results suggest that information on trophic trait evolution within lineages will advance our understanding of the functional contribution of animals to biogeochemical cycling.

On the mN, M Relation for Eastern North American Earthquakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail M. Atkinson ◽  
David M. Boore
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Seismic Moment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moment Magnitude ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Meaningful Data

Abstract A stochastic model of ground motion has been used as a basis for comparison of data and theoretically-predicted relations between mN (commonly denoted by mbLg) and moment magnitude for eastern North America (ENA) earthquakes. mN magnitudes are recomputed for several historical ENA earthquakes, to ensure consistency of definition and provide a meaningful data set. We show that by itself the magnitude relation cannot be used as a discriminant between two specific spectral scaling relations, one with constant stress and the other with stress increasing with seismic moment, that have been proposed for ENA earthquakes.

A semi-hybrid model for malaria with limited superinfection

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 1027-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Picard
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Modelling malaria with consistency necessitates the introduction of at least two families of interconnected processes. Even in a Markovian context the simplest fully stochastic model is intractable and is usually transformed into a hybrid model, by supposing that these two families are stochastically independent and linked only through two deterministic connections. A model closer to the fully stochastic model is presented here, where one of the two families is subordinated to the other and just a unique deterministic connection is required. For this model a threshold theorem can be proved but the threshold level is not the one obtained in a hybrid model. The difference disappears only when the human population size approaches infinity.

scholarly journals Fertility and its relation to social conditions A study of the vital statistics of London in 1930–1932

1937 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
The Military

The rapid decline of the birth-rate in nearly all countries of western Europe has naturally attracted much attention. Some have studied the probable effects upon the absolute size and the age constitution of the population, and the consequence entailed upon the military and economic strength of a nation. Others have drawn attention to resulting change's in the relative importance of diseases of young, adult and old ages. Changes in mere numbers depend wholly, and the other changes to a considerable extent, upon quantitative factors; they must occur even if the quality of those born differs in no way from that of those produced when fertility was at a higher level. But, if the quality of births changes with their quantity, then the consequences of decrease of numbers may be better or worse than mere numerical changes would involve.

scholarly journals Estructura de preferencias de los consumidores de vino y actitudes hacia los vinos con denominación de origen. El caso de Castilla-La Mancha

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bernabéu ◽  
M. Olmeda ◽  
M. Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
The One

This paper covers a dual objective. On the one hand, the relative importance was determined of the wine attributes that influence the formation of consumer preferences in Castilla-La Mancha. On the other, consumer attitude was analysed towards wine with Castilla-La Mancha’s most important Designation of Origin (D.O.) certifications (D.O. La Mancha and D.O. Valdepeñas), compared with the best-known wine in the national ambit (D.O. Rioja). As a result of the first objective, the most relevant attributes are price, colour (red, white), certification and origin, in this order. The second objective shows that D.O. La Mancha and D.O. Valdepeñas are considered cheaper wines, of habitual consumption and a lower prestige image, while D.O. Rioja wines are seen as prestigious and expensive, so their consumption is considered appropriate for special occasions.

scholarly journals On the Mechanism of Protection against Infective Disease

1928 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
M. Greenwood ◽  
E. M. Newbold ◽  
W. W. C. Topley ◽  
J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Selective Mortality ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Infective Disease ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

In the course of a paper by the present writers (this Journal, xxv, 336–53) an attempt was made to assess the relative importance of selective mortality on the one hand and sub-lethal infection on the other in increasing herd resistance to subsequent exposure to infection. The subject was further considered by one of us (E.M.N.) in a later report (this Journal, xxvi, 19–27).

scholarly journals Inositol phosphate release and steroidogenesis in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Comparison of the effects of endothelin, angiotensin II and vasopressin

1990 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Woodcock ◽  
P J Little ◽  
J K Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Phosphate Release ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol Turnover ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Glomerulosa Cells ◽  
Stimulation Of

Endothelin has steroidogenic activity in adrenal glomerulosa cells, as do two other vasoconstrictor peptides, angiotensin II and vasopressin. The steroidogenic activities of angiotensin II and vasopressin are probably mediated via the phosphatidylinositol-turnover pathway and associated changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Endothelin caused a steroidogenic response, which was small compared with that to angiotensin II and quantitatively similar to the vasopressin response. Cytosolic free Ca2+ responses were similarly higher to angiotensin II than to either of the other two peptides. However, total inositol phosphate responses to endothelin and angiotensin II were similar when these were measured over 20 min, and were quantitatively greater than the vasopressin response. A detailed study has been made of the phosphatidylinositol-turnover response to endothelin in comparison with responses to angiotensin II and vasopressin. Each of the three peptides produced a rapid and transient rise in Ins(1,4,5)P3 (max. 5-15 s), followed by a slow sustained rise. Ins(1,4,5)P3 was metabolized by both dephosphorylation and phosphorylation pathways, but the relative importance of the two metabolic pathways was different under stimulation by each of the three peptides. These findings show that adrenal glomerulosa cells can distinguish between the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by three different effectors. These differences in the pathway may be associated with the observed different steroidogenic and Ca2+ responses to the three peptides.

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