scholarly journals Stress drop–magnitude dependence of acoustic emissions during laboratory stick-slip

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 1371-1380
Author(s):  
Aglaja Blanke ◽  
Grzegorz Kwiatek ◽  
Thomas H W Goebel ◽  
Marco Bohnhoff ◽  
Georg Dresen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Fault Roughness ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Seismic Stress ◽  
Stress Drops

SUMMARY Earthquake source parameters such as seismic stress drop and corner frequency are observed to vary widely, leading to persistent discussion on potential scaling of stress drop and event size. Physical mechanisms that govern stress drop variations are difficult to evaluate in nature and are more readily studied in controlled laboratory experiments. We perform two stick-slip experiments on fractured (rough) and cut (smooth) Westerly granite samples to explore fault roughness effects on acoustic emission (AE) source parameters. We separate large stick-slip events that generally saturate the seismic recording system from populations of smaller AE events which are sensitive to fault stresses prior to slip. AE event populations show many similarities to natural seismicity and may be interpreted as laboratory equivalent of natural microseismic events. We then compare the temporal evolution of mechanical data such as measured stress release during slip to temporal changes in stress drops derived from AEs using the spectral ratio technique. We report on two primary observations: (1) In contrast to most case studies for natural earthquakes, we observe a strong increase in seismic stress drop with AE size. (2) The scaling of stress drop with magnitude is governed by fault roughness, whereby the rough fault shows a more rapid increase of the stress drop–magnitude relation with progressing large stick-slip events than the smooth fault. The overall range of AE sizes on the rough surface is influenced by both the average grain size and the width of the fault core. The magnitudes of the smallest AE events on smooth faults may also be governed by grain size. However, AEs significantly grow beyond peak roughness and the width of the fault core. Our laboratory tests highlight that source parameters vary substantially in the presence of fault zone heterogeneity (i.e. roughness and narrow grain size distribution), which may affect seismic energy partitioning and static stress drops of small and large AE events.

Stress-Drop Estimates for Induced Seismic Events in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Ju Jeong ◽  
Brian W. Stump ◽  
Heather R. DeShon ◽  
Louis Quinones
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Fort Worth Basin ◽  
Generalized Inversion Technique ◽  
Stress Drops

ABSTRACT Earthquakes in the Fort Worth basin (FWB) have been induced by the disposal of recovered wastewater associated with extraction of unconventional gas since 2008. Four of the larger felt earthquakes, each on different faults, prompted deployment of local distance seismic stations and recordings from these four sequences are used to estimate the kinematic source characteristics. Source spectra and the associated source parameters, including corner frequency, seismic moment, and stress drop, are estimated using a modified generalized inversion technique (GIT). As an assessment of the validity of the modified GIT approach, corner frequencies and stress drops from the GIT are compared to estimates using the traditional empirical Green’s function (EGF) method for 14 target events. For these events, corner-frequency residuals (GIT−EGF) have a mean of −0.31 Hz, with a standard deviation of 1.30 Hz. We find consistent mean stress drops using the GIT and EGF methods, 9.56 and 11.50 MPa, respectively, for the common set of target events. The GIT mean stress drop for all 79 earthquakes is 5.33 MPa, similar to estimates for global intraplate earthquakes (1–10 MPa) as well as other estimates for induced earthquakes near the study area (1.7–9.5 MPa). Stress drops exhibit no spatial or temporal correlations or depth dependency. In addition, there are no time or space correlations between estimated FWB stress drops and modeled pore-pressure perturbations. We conclude that induced earthquakes in the FWB occurring on normal faults in the crystalline basement release pre-existing tectonic stresses and that stress drops on the four sequences targeted in this study do not directly reflect perturbations in pore-fluid pressure on the fault.

Source parameters and scaling laws of the 1978 Swabian Jura (southwest Germany) aftershocks

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1321-1343
Author(s):  
Frank Scherbaum ◽  
Dieter Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Crack Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Stress Drops ◽  
Southwest Germany

Abstract The 3 September 1978, Swabian Jura (southwest Germany) earthquake (MWA = 5.7) was followed by a large number of aftershocks which have been recorded with a local network of five portable seismic stations. The seismic moments, fault radii, and the static stress drops have been determined from the SH displacement spectra using the Brune (1970) source model. The data set is consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter energy-magnitude relation. Below a Wood-Anderson magnitude of about 4, the corner frequencies increase only slowly with decreasing magnitudes. No corner frequency higher than 15 Hz has been observed in the magnitude range down to 0.8. Correspondingly, the high-frequency decay slopes show a strong increase when the corner frequencies are approaching the maximum frequency. This prevents the use of slope data for Q determinations. In terms of the Madariaga (1977) crack model, the data show a strong influence of source complexities on the smaller events.

Simultaneous inversion for Q and source parameters of microearthquakes accompanying hydraulic fracturing in granitic rock

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fehler ◽  
W. Scott Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Spectral Amplitude ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Stress Drops

Abstract An inversion that fits spectra of earthquake waveforms and gives robust estimates of corner frequency and low-frequency spectral amplitude has been used to determine source parameters of 223 microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing in granodiorite. Assuming a ω−2 source model, the inversion fits the P-wave spectra of microearthquake waveforms to determine individual values of corner frequency and low-frequency spectral amplitude for each event and one average frequency-independent Q for all source-receiver paths. We also implemented a constraint that stress drops of all microearthquakes be similar but not equal and found that this constraint did not significantly degrade the quality of the fits to the spectra. The waveforms analyzed were recorded by a borehole seismometer. The P-wave Q was found to be 1070. For Q values as low as 600 and as high as 3000, the misfit between model and spectra increased by less than 5 per cent and the average corner frequency changed by less than 15 per cent from those obtained with a Q of 1070. Average stress drop was 3.7 bars. Seismic moments obtained from spectra ranged from 1013 to 1018 dyne-cm. The low stress drops are interpreted to result from underestimation of the actual stress drops because of a nonuniform distribution of stress drop and slip along the fault planes. Spatially varying stress drops and slips result from the strong rock heterogeneity due to the injection of fluid into the rock. Stress drops were found to be larger near the edges of the seismic zone, in regions that had not been seismically active during previous injections. The seismic moments determined from spectra were used to obtain a coda length-to-moment relation. Then, moments were estimated for 1149 events from measurements of coda lengths from events whose moments could not be measured from spectra because of saturation or a low signal-to-noise ratio. The constant of proportionality between cumulative number of events and seismic moment is higher than that found for tectonic regions. The slope is so high that the seismic energy release is dominated by the large number of small events. In the absence of information about the number of events smaller than we studied, we cannot estimate the total seismic energy released by the hydraulic injection.

Stress Drops and Directivity of Induced Earthquakes in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1635-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M. Holmgren ◽  
Gail M. Atkinson ◽  
Hadi Ghofrani
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Source Spectrum ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Stress Drops ◽  
Canada Sedimentary Basin

Abstract The Western Canada sedimentary basin (WCSB) has experienced an increase in seismicity during the last decade due primarily to hydraulic fracturing. Understanding the ground motions of these induced earthquakes is critical to characterize the increase in hazard. Stress drop is considered an important parameter in this context because it is a measure of the high‐frequency content of the shaking. We use the empirical Green’s function (EGF) method to determine S‐wave corner frequencies and stress drops of 87 earthquakes of moment magnitude (M) 2.3–4.4 in the WCSB. The EGF method is an effective technique to isolate earthquake source effects by dividing out the path and site components in the frequency domain, using a smaller collocated earthquake as an EGF. The corner frequency of the target event is determined for an assumed spectral ratio shape, from which the stress drop is computed. Assuming a fixed velocity, we find that the average stress drop for induced earthquakes in the WCSB for small‐to‐moderate events is 7.5±0.5  MPa, with a total range from 0.2 to 370 MPa. However, because of the dependence of stress drop on model conventions and constants, we consider the absolute stress‐drop value meaningful only for comparison with other results using the same underlying models. By contrast, corner frequency is a less‐ambiguous variable with which to characterize the source spectrum. The range of corner frequencies obtained in this study for events of M 4.0±0.5 is 1.1–5.8 Hz. Significant rupture directivity is observed for more than one‐third of the earthquakes, with station corner frequencies varying by about a factor of 4 with azimuth. This emphasizes the importance of having suitable station coverage to determine source parameters. We model directivity where evident using a Haskell source model and find that the rupture azimuths are primarily oriented approximately north–south throughout the region.

Improved approach for stress drop estimation and its application to an induced earthquake sequence in Oklahoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-253
Author(s):  
X Chen ◽  
R E Abercrombie
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Earthquake Source ◽  
Average Stress ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Spectral Fitting ◽  
Spatio Temporal

SUMMARY We calculate source parameters for fluid-injection induced earthquakes near Guthrie, Oklahoma, guided by synthetic tests to quantify uncertainties. The average stress drop during an earthquake is a parameter fundamental to ground motion prediction and earthquake source physics, but it has proved hard to measure accurately. This has limited our understanding of earthquake rupture, as well as the spatio-temporal variations of fault strength. We use synthetic tests based on a joint spectral-fitting method to define the resolution limit of the corner frequency as a function of the maximum frequency of usable signal, for both individual spectra and the average from multiple stations. Synthetic tests based on stacking analysis find that an improved stacking approach can recover the true input stress drop if the corner frequencies are within the resolution limit defined by joint spectral-fitting. We apply the improved approach to the Guthrie sequence, using different wave types and signal-to-noise criteria to understand the stability of the calculated stress drop values. The results suggest no systematic scaling relationship of stress drop for M ≤ 3.1 earthquakes, but larger events (M ≥ 3.5) tend to have higher average stress drops. Some robust spatio-temporal variations can be linked to the triggering processes and indicate possible stress heterogeneity within the fault zone. Tight clustering of low stress drop events at the beginning stage of the sequence suggests that pore pressure influences earthquake source processes. Events at shallow depth have lower stress drop compared to deeper events. The largest earthquake occurred within a cluster of high stress drop events, likely rupturing a strong asperity.

The characteristic of source spectra and stress drop of earthquakes in the Bucaramanga nest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzheng Gong ◽  
Xiaofei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Time Function ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Source Time Function ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Source Spectra ◽  
Very High

<p>Spectra analysis is helpful to understand earthquake rupture processes and estimate source parameters like stress drop. Obtaining real source spectra and source time function isn’t easy, because the station recordings contain path effect and we usually can’t get precise path information. Empirical Green’s function (EGF) method is a popular way to cancel out the path effect, main two of which are the stacking spectra method (Prieto et al, 2006) and the spectral ratio method (Viegas et al, 2010; Imanishi et al, 2006). In our study, we apply the latter with multitaper spectral analysis method (Prieto et al, 2009) to calculate relative source spectra and relative source time function. Target event and EGFs must have similar focal mechanism and be collocated, so we combine correlation coefficient of wave at all stations and focal mechanism similarity to select proper EGFs.</p><p>The Bucaramanga nest has very high seismicity, so it’s suitable to calculate source spectra by using EGF method. We calculate the source spectra and source time function of about 1540 earthquakes (3-5.7ml, 135-160km depth) at Bucaramanga nest in Colombia. Simultaneously we also estimate corner frequency by fitting spectral source model (Brune, 1970; Boatwright, 1980) and stress drop using simple model (Eshelby, 1957) of earthquakes with multiple station recordings or EGFs. We obtain about 30000 events data with 12 stations from National Seismological Network of Colombia (RSNC).</p><p>The result show that the source spectra of most earthquakes fitted well by omega-square model are smooth, and the source spectra of some have obvious ‘holes’ near corner frequency, and the source time function of a few earthquakes appear two separate peeks. The first kind of earthquakes are style of self-arresting ruptures (Xu et al. 2015), which can be autonomously arrested by itself without any outside interference. Abercrombie (2014) and Wen et al. (2018) both researched the second kind of earthquakes and Wen think that this kind of earthquakes are style of the runaway ruptures including subshear and supershear ruptures. The last kind of earthquakes maybe be caused by simultaneous slip on two close rupture zone. Stress drop appear to slightly increase with depth and are very high (assuming rupture velocity/s wave velocity is 0.9). We also investigate the high-frequency falloff n, usually 2, of Brune model and Boatwright model by fitting all spectra, and find that the best value of n for Boatwright model is 2 and for Brune model is 3.5.</p>

Depth dependence of source parameters at Monticello, South Carolina

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (6A) ◽  
pp. 1735-1751
Author(s):  
J. B. Fletcher ◽  
J. Boatwright ◽  
W. B. Joyner
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
S Wave ◽  
S Waves ◽  
Stress Drops

Abstract Three estimates of stress differences, which include Brune stress drop, stress drop from rms of acceleration (arms), and the apparent stress, have been determined for 13 earthquakes at Monticello, South Carolina, a site of reservoir-induced seismicity. Data for nine of the events come from digitally recorded three-component seismograms at four or five stations that were deployed around the Monticello Reservoir in May and early June 1979. The data from the other four events come from a strong-motion accelerograph located on the dam abutment at the southwest end of the reservoir. Estimates of the seismic moment (Mo) range from 4.6 × 1017 to 3.4 × 1020 dyne-cm (S waves) and radiated energy from about 1011 to 3 × 1016 dyne-cm (S waves). Brune stress drops ranged from 0.5 bars to about 90 bars and show a strong dependence on depth (focal depths range from 0.07 to 1.4 km) and a moderate dependence on Mo. Arms stress drops from the direct S-wave span a similar range of values and also exhibit a strong dependence on depth. Apparent stresses are usually lower than the other estimates of stress differences by a factor of 2 to 4. Seismic stress differences are highest in the topmost 0.2 to 0.3 km, a depth range for which the in situ measurements of stress and pore pressure suggest that the rock is in a state of incipient failure. In this depth range, where the four largest events occurred, the stress drops are of the same order as the ambient shear stress. These data suggest that at Monticello, where pore fluids have a strong influence on the failure process, the largest stresses released seismically are in regions most conducive to failure and that the seismic efficiencies for events at Monticello are larger than have been reported for other tremors in different tectonic settings.

A Study on the Largest Hydraulic-Fracturing-Induced Earthquake in Canada: Observations and Static Stress-Drop Estimation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Wang ◽  
Rebecca M. Harrington ◽  
Yajing Liu ◽  
Honn Kao ◽  
Hongyu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
B Value ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
Maximum Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Tectonic Earthquakes ◽  
Maximum Earthquake

ABSTRACT On 17 August 2015, an Mw 4.6 earthquake occurred northwest of Fort St. John, British Columbia, possibly induced by hydraulic fracturing (HF). We use data from eight broadband seismometers located ∼50  km from the hypocenter to detect and estimate source parameters of more than 300 events proximal to the mainshock. Stress-drop values estimated using seismic moment and corner frequency from single-event spectra and spectral ratios range from ∼1 to 35 MPa, within the typical range of tectonic earthquakes. We observe an ∼5-day delay between the onset of fluid injection and the mainshock, a b-value of 0.78 for the sequence, and a maximum earthquake magnitude larger than the prediction based on the total injection volume, suggesting that the Mw 4.6 sequence occurred on a pre-existing fault and that the maximum magnitude is likely controlled by tectonic conditions. Results presented here show that pre-existing fault structures should be taken into consideration to better estimate seismic hazard associated with HF operations and to develop schemes for risk mitigation in close proximity to HF wells.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PARAMETER SUMBER SPEKTRAL GEMPABUMI VTA (VULKANO TEKTONIK-A) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS VULKANIK GUNUNG SINABUNG

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Tri Kusmita ◽  
Kirbani Brotopuspito ◽  
Hetty Triastuty
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Seismic Moment ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Angular Frequency ◽  
Moment Magnitude ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Volcanic Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Volumes ◽  
The Relationship

The source parameters describe the different physical properties of seismic volumes under the volcanoes. Source parameters that can be used to distinguish seismic events that are generated by different types of volcanoes activities. Temporary changes of the spectral source parameters provided a description of the main events during the eruption process.  Source parameters are calculated by correlating the relationship between source frequency at spectral displacement (corner frequency) and source parameters based on spectral sources of the Brune model (1970). The angular frequency obtained by applying the FFT algorithm to the VTA spectral displacement. The source parameters analyzed from this VTA earthquake are the spectral slope, seismic moment, stress drop, length of rupture, moment magnitude and radiation energy. Based on the obtained corner frequency (12 Hz-13 Hz), seismic moment, moment magnitude and energy radiation respectively were at 0.2 -1.9 x 1012 Nm, 0.7 - 2 Mw, and 0.1 - 9.5 x 1015 erg. The length of rupture were from 144.2 to 243.1 m, the spectra slope has 2.1 - 7.8 dB/cm, and stress drop are 0.1 - 7,6 bar. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the changes of spectra characteristic and fluctuate of source patrameters value of VTA earthquakes was asosiated with the different  volcanic activity of Sinabung. Keywords: spectral, VTA, source parameter, volcanic earthquake

Insights into downhole array spectra of hydraulic-fracturing induced seismicity in the Horn River Basin, British Columbia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Klinger ◽  
Max Werner
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Downhole Array ◽  
Horn River Basin ◽  
Downhole Arrays

<p>Hydraulic fracturing underpins tight shale gas exploration but can induce seismicity. During stimulations, operators carefully monitor the spatio-temporal distribution and source parameters of seismic events to be able to respond to any changes and potentially reduce the chances of fault reactivation. Downhole arrays of geophones offer unique access to (sub) microseismic source parameters and can provide new insights into the processes that induce seismicity. For example, variations in stress drop might indicate changes in the seismic response to injection (e.g. pore pressure variations). However, borehole arrays of geophones and the high frequencies of small events also present new challenges for source characterization. Stress drop depends on the corner frequency, a parameter with great uncertainty that is sensitive to attenuation, especially for (sub-) microseismicity. Here, we explore the behavior of microseismic spectra measured along borehole arrays and the effect of attenuation on estimates of corner frequency. We examine a dataset of over 90,000 microseismic events recorded during hydraulic fracturing in the Horn River Basin, British Columbia. We only see clear phase arrivals for events M<sub>w</sub> > -1 and restrict our initial analysis to a subsample of M<sub>w</sub>> 0 events that vary in space and time.</p><p>Our first observation is that some stations in the borehole array show an unexpected increase in the displacement energy from the low frequency to the corner frequency in the P and SH phases as well as high-frequency energy spikes inconsistent with a smooth Brune source model. A shorter time window that only captures the direct arrival results in a flatter low frequency plateau and reduces the amplitude of the pulses but compromises the resolution. The spikes may be caused by high frequency coda energy. We also find that corner frequency estimates decrease with decreasing station depth along the array in both the P and SH phases, a likely result of high frequency attenuation along the downhole array. The findings suggest Brune corner frequencies of moment magnitudes < 0.5 may not be resolvable even with downhole arrays at close proximity. Our results will eventually contribute to a better characterization of microseismic source parameters measured in borehole arrays.</p><p> </p>

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