scholarly journals Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahat Sharif ◽  
Li Su ◽  
Xuehao Chen ◽  
Xiaohua Qi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Formation

Abstract In some horticultural crops, such as Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae species, fruit set and development can occur without the fertilization of ovules, a process known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that can not only mitigate fruit yield losses caused by environmental stresses but can also induce the development of seedless fruit, which is a desirable trait for consumers. In the present review, the induction of parthenocarpic fruit by the application of hormones such as auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; naphthaleneacetic acid), cytokinins (forchlorfenuron; 6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acids, and brassinosteroids is first presented. Then, the molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit formation, mainly related to plant hormones, are presented. Auxins, gibberellic acids, and cytokinins are categorized as primary players in initiating fruit set. Other hormones, such as ethylene, brassinosteroids, and melatonin, also participate in parthenocarpic fruit formation. Additionally, synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between these hormones is crucial for deciding the fate of fruit set. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future directions of research on parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops.

scholarly journals Downstream of GA4, PbCYP78A6 participates in regulating cell cycle-related genes and parthenogenesis in pear (Pyrus bretshneideri Rehd.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqi Zhang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Huibin Wang ◽  
Liu Cong ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Fruit Formation

Abstract Background Parthenocarpy results in traits attractive to both consumers and breeders, and it overcomes the obstacle of self-incompatibility in the fruit set of horticultural crops, including pear (Pyrus bretshneider). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate parthenogenesis. Results Here, in a transcriptional comparison between pollination-dependent fruit and GA4-induced parthenocarpy, PbCYP78A6 was identified and proposed as a candidate gene involved in parthenocarpy. PbCYP78A6 is similar to Arabidopsis thaliana CYP78A6 and highly expressed in pear hypanthia. The increased PbCYP78A6 expression, as assessed by RT-qPCR, was induced by pollination and GA4 exposure. The ectopic overexpression of PbCYP78A6 contributed to parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. The PbCYP78A6 expression coincided with fertilized and parthenocarpic fruitlets development and the expression of fruit development-related genes as assessed by cytological observations and RT-qPCR, respectively. PbCYP78A6 RNA interference and overexpression in pear calli revealed that the gene is an upstream regulator of specific fruit development-related genes in pear. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PbCYP78A6 plays a critical role in fruit formation and provide insights into controlling parthenocarpy.

scholarly journals Downstream of GA4, PbCYP78A6 Regulates Parthenogenesis by Mediating Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Pear (Pyrus Bretshneider Rehd.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqi Zhang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Huibin Wang ◽  
Liu Cong ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Parthenocarpic Fruit ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Ectopic Overexpression

Abstract Background: Parthenocarpy results in traits attractive to both consumers and breeders, and it overcomes the obstacle of self-incompatibility in the fruit set of horticultural crops, including pear (Pyrus bretshneider). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate parthenogenesis. Results: Here, in a transcriptional comparison between pollination-dependent and GA4-induced parthenocarpy, PbCYP78A6 was identified and proposed as a candidate gene involved in parthenocarpy. PbCYP78A6 is similar to Arabidopsis thaliana CYP78A6 and is highly expressed in pear hypanthia. The increased PbCYP78A6 expression, as assessed by RT-qPCR, was induced by pollination and GA4 exposure. The ectopic overexpression of PbCYP78A6 contributed to parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. The PbCYP78A6 expression coincided with fertilized and parthenocarpic fruitlet development and the expression of fruit development-related genes as assessed by cytological observations and RT-qPCR, respectively. PbCYP78A6 RNA interference and overexpression revealed that the gene is an upstream regulator of fruit development-related genes in pear. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that PbCYP78A6 plays a critical role in cell proliferation and provide insights into controlling parthenocarpy.

Selectivity of auxin for induction and growth of callus from excised embryo of spring and winter wheat

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1393-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Zhou ◽  
T. T. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Methoxybenzoic Acid

The callus-promoting activity of most commonly known as well as some rarely tested auxins was compared with that of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for in vitro culture of the excised embryo of spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cv. Chinese Spring and cv. Fredrick. Different auxins in a concentration range from 1 to 50 μM showed widely different activities. Also the two wheat cultivars responded differently to the auxins. When rapid callus formation with limited root growth was used as the basis for comparison, 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (2-MCPP), α-naphthaleneacetic acid, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6,trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), γ-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid, in the order of effectiveness, were superior to 2,4,-D for callus induction from the embryo of 'Chinese Spring,' although the concentration required was higher than that of 2,4-D. For the winter wheat 'Fredrick,' however, only picloram, dicamba, and 2-MCPP performed as well as 2,4-D. All auxins tested promoted shoot growth; 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxypropionic acid was most effective for 'Chinese Spring,' whereas picloram was most effective for 'Fredrick.'

scholarly journals Auxins Regulations of Branched Spike Development and Expression of TFL, a LEAFY-Like Gene in Branched Spike Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Wang Yue ◽  
Sun Fulai ◽  
Gao Qingrong ◽  
Zhang Yanxia ◽  
Wang Nan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Branched Spike ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Putative Homologue

Branched spike wheat is a hexaploid germplasm with branched rachis on its main rachises, and the crucial period for branched rachises occurrence and development is just after the two ridges stage of shoot apex. Natural [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3butyric acid (IBA)] and synthetic [(1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)] auxins were applied at this period to investigate the spike traits, seedling growth and photosynthesis related characters and expression of a putative homologue of the LEAFY in branched spike wheat. The four types of experienced auxins induced similar effects on these foresaid characters, although the impact extents were different among the auxins treatments. More branched rachis, spikelets, fertile florets and longer branched rachis were obtained in plants with IAA and IBA at 0.1 mM or NAA and 2,4-D at 1.0mM than those plants with no auxin treated. Auxin treatments also increased fresh and dry mass, photosynthetic pigment and parameters. TFL, a LEAFY-like gene was cloned in branched spike wheat and TFL mRNA expression was quantified using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Application of the auxins accelerated the rise in TFL expression during the periods of branched rachises occurrence and extension. The data supports the hypothesis that auxins play a central role in the regulation branched spike development and TFL might correlate with the development of branched rachises in branched spike wheat.

An improved culture medium for growing the orchid Cypripedium reginae axenically

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2547-2555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Harvais
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Ammonium Citrate ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Murashige Skoog ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Germination And Growth

A new medium for growing Cypripedium reginae Walt. axenically from seed was designed. Liquid culture proved unsuitable, hence a 1% agar medium supplemented with 5% potato extract was used to investigate optimal mineral element, vitamin, amino acid, sugar, and growth regulator supplements for germination, and subsequent growth. A modified Pfeffer solution with 1400 mg/L NH4NO3 + 19 mg/L ammonium citrate + 2% dextrose + 10 mg/L niacin + 5 mg/L calcium pantothenate + 5 mg/L thiamine HCl + 1 mg/L kinetin + 0.1 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid gave best germination and growth to 2 years with little or no phenolic production. Gamborg's B5 medium and Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium were less than optimal when tested against the above medium. Growth regulators were more active when sterilized by membrane filtration instead of autoclaving. Of the three aminopurines tested, kinetin, benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 6(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino) purine (γγ), the order of activity was initially γγ → BAP → kinetin, but kinetin produced better greening of protocorms and plantlets, and eventually greater survival. Hence, it was chosen for further study. The auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were also tested alone and in combination with the aminopurines. They did not stimulate germination, but improved growth and survival when combined with aminopurines. The most active of the auxins were NAA → IAA → IBA → 2,4-D. A kinetin:NAA ratio of 10:1 was very satisfactory.

Growth substance requirements and major lipid constituents of tissue cultures of Euphorbia esula and E. cyparissias

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Lee ◽  
A. N. Starratt
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Growth Substance ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Callus Tissues ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Root Tissues

The root tissues of Euphorbia esula and E. cyparissias form callus on chemically defined medium. Both species require an exogenous supply of auxin for growth, but the appearance and color of the tissue and their responses to kinetin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) are different. The tissue growth is more satisfactory with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) than with 2,4-D, IAA, or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Gibberellic acid has no effect. The callus tissues of E. esula become intensely green under light but are not autotrophic.Triglycerides, palmitic acid, and β-sitosterol are the major lipid constituents of the callus tissue of E. esula. Chromatographic analysis reveals no significant differences in the composition of extracts from the non-green and green tissues. Long-chain aldehydes, alcohols, and triterpenes found in the plant are not detected in the cultures.

scholarly journals Strategies for the Regeneration of Paphiopedilum callosum through Internode Tissue Cultures Using Dark–light Cycles

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-925
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuc Huy ◽  
Vu Quoc Luan ◽  
Le Kim Cuong ◽  
Nguyen Ba Nam ◽  
Hoang Thanh Tung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Support Matrix ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Bacto Agar

Paphiopedilum spp. is one of the most commercially popular orchids because of its variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. However, it is at risk for extinction because of its exploitation. Regeneration of orchid plants using internode segments is extremely difficult. In this study, young P. callosum plants (1.5 cm) were exposed to eight dark–light cycles (14 days of dark and 1 day of light) for stem elongation to increase the number of nodes to obtain internode tissues. After 75 days of culture, the highest callogenesis (31.25%) was achieved when internode tissue was cultured on liquid Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium containing 30 g·L−1 sucrose, 1.0 mg·L−1 Thidiazuron (TDZ), 1.0 mg·L−1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and cotton wool as the support matrix. The optimal media for induction of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) were the same compositions as previously mentioned and were supplemented with 9 g·L−1 Bacto agar as the gelling agent. PLB clumps (5–6 PLBs/clump) produced the best shoots on medium containing 0.5 mg·L−1 α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.3 mg·L−1 TDZ. Among the organic substances tested, 200 g·L−1 potato homogenate (PH) added to Hyponex N016 medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L−1 NAA, 30 g·L−1 sucrose, 170 mg·L−1 NaH2PO4, 1.0 g·L−1 peptone, and 9 g·L−1 Bacto agar resulted in the best rooting. The rooted plantlets with four to five leaves were acclimatized and had a 100% survival rate. The method presented in this research provides a strategy for the development of highly effective propagation of Paphiopedilum species using ex vitro explants for both conservation and horticultural purposes.

scholarly journals Long-term Effect of Winter Gibberellic Acid Sprays and Auxin Applications on Crop Value of `Clausellina' Satsuma

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amílcar M.M. Duarte ◽  
Amparo García-Luis ◽  
Rosa Victoria Molina ◽  
Consuelo Monerri ◽  
Vicente Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A winter gibberellic acid (GA3) spray consistently reduced flower formation, but had a variable effect on the amount of first-grade fruit in the early harvest of `Clausellina' satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.), and in the long term these applications had no significant effect on the value of the crop. Auxin applications increased the amount of first grade-early harvested fruit, and increased crop value as compared to hand-thinned trees. No significant differences in yield or fruit grade could be found among the different auxin applications tried, namely an application of 20 mg·L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at flowering, or applications of 25 mg·L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or 50 mg·L-1 2,4-dicholorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4-DP) at the end of fruitlet abscission. Apart from their effect on size, the auxin applications had only a marginal effect on fruit quality.

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